Profile of a Hate Crime Offender Essay example -- Papers

Profile of a Hate Crime Offender Sterilized from emotion, hate crime, also called bias crime, is those offenses motivated in part or singularly by personal prejudice against other because of a diversity-race, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity/national origin, or disability. Hate crimes are committed out of anger, ignorance, and lack of knowledge of another’s ideas and beliefs. There are many causes for an individual to commit a hate crime. Also, many different profiles fit the description of a hate crime offender. There are ways to prevent and control hate crimes, but they will always be present in society as long as every person has the right to express his or her opinion. The term hate crime first appeared in the late 1980’s as a way of understanding a racial incident in the Howard Beach section of New York City, in which a black man was killed while attempting to evade a violent mob of white teenagers, shouting racial epithets. Although widely used by the federal government of the United States, the media, and researchers in the field, the term is somewhat misleading because it suggests incorrectly that hatred is invariably a distinguishing characteristic of this type of crime. While it is true that many hate crimes involve intense animosity toward the victim, many others do not. Conversely, many crimes involving hatred between the offender and the victim are not ‘hate crimes’ in the sense intended here. For example an assault that arises out of a dispute between two white, male co-workers who compete for a promotion might involve intense hatred, even though it is not based on any racial or religious differences... ...Violence on College Campuses," (Baltimore: National Institute Against Prejudice and Violence, 1990). Fox, James and Jack Levin Overkill: Mass Murder and Serial Killing Exposed (New York: Dell, 1996). Freeman, Steven, "Hate Crime Laws: Punishment Which Fits the Crime," Annual Survey of American Law (New York: New York University School of Law, 1993); pp. 581-585. Hamm, Mark S. Hate Crime: International Perspectives on Causes and Control (Anderson: Cincinnati, 1994). Jacobs, James B. and Jessica S. Henry, "The Social Construction of a Hate Crime Epidemic," The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (Winter 1996); 366-391. Jacobs, James B. and Kimberly A. Potter "Hate Crimes: A Critical Perspective," Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Ed. Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1997).

Comparison of Odyssey, Divine Comedy, and Paradise Lost Essay examples

A Comparison of Odyssey, Divine Comedy, and Paradise Lost      Ã‚   Epics by definition are long narrative poems, that are grand in both theme and style (Webster 417).   They usually involve actions of great glory and are typically centered around historical or legendary events of universal significance.   Most epics deal with the deeds of a single individual, however, it is not uncommon to have more than one main character.   Epics embody several main features including: supernatural forces, sometimes the deity of the time, that shape the action; battles or other forms of physical combat; and a formal statement of the theme of the epic.   Everyday details of life are commonplace and intricately woven into the background of each story in the same palatial style as the rest of the poem.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial point in its history.   I have chosen for comparison the Odyssey, The Divine Comedy, and Paradise Lost.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Odyssey, attributed to Homer is about Odysseus, the king of Ithaca, who sailed with his army to take part in war against Troy.   After ten years of war, victory is declared and the armies of Odysseus have sailed for home.   As the Odyssey begins, an additional 10 years have passed since the fall of Troy and Odysseus still has not returned to his home.   The noblemen have converged on his palace seeking the hand of his lovely wife, Penelope.   However, Penelope refuses their advances choosing to remain faithful to Odysseus.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the ten years ... ... of people in our history.   These epic works take us on an imaginary voyage; one through the amazing journeys of a single man, one through an imaginary trip through hell in which the political and philosophical thought of the time can be experienced, and one through an account of a religious thought for that day.   All of these epics serve to remind us that no matter how far mankind has come, we still have a long way to go in our journey be it spiritual or earthly.    Works Cited    "Epic."   Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary.   1983 ed.    Homer.   "The Odyssey."   Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces.   Ed. Maynard Mack.   6th ed. 2 vols. New York:   Norton, 1992.    Milton, John.   "Paradise Lost." Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces.   Ed. Maynard Mack.   6th ed. 2 vols. New York:   Norton, 1992.

Resistance as the Byproduct of Separate Spheres :: Essays Papers

Resistance as the Byproduct of Separate Spheres The history of women in the United States is primarily a study of gender, the social construction of sexual difference, through time. The nineteenth century stands out as the period when the code of separate gender spheres emerged and yet, already, began to come into question. Social forces of economic and religious change sculpted gender into a dichotomy differentiated along roughly the same lines as (what we can now consider problematic) divisions between the private/public, emotional/rational, and consuming/producing. Men occupied the privileged side of each binary, relegating women, as a sex, to a gender built of a series of traits defined in opposition to masculine privilege. During this same century, the ideology of separate spheres was increasingly challenged at many levels by critiques and movements for equal rights, substantive justice, and particular ‘women’s issues’. Note first, that as gender is an issue of social construction, this construct can only be shared by particular groups who share social constructs and even then gender is understood in certain limited ways. To accommodate for this and avoid footnoting what may well be entirely distinct histories, I will only discuss the gender through time of Northern white women. For this constructed gender, the changes that brought the code of separate spheres, by changing the relationships of the domestic sphere, also brought the most fundamental challenges to the code, much more so than equal rights in the public sphere could or would accomplish. In order to determine what a fundamental challenge to the code of separate spheres would sound like, it is necessary to determine the nature of the code’s existence. Obviously, this code of spheres did not exist somewhere crawling about a forest floor, rather it was an ideological tenet of a particular society. This does not mean, however, that it was then understood as simply a belief of one group of people in one time and place. Instead it was seen as natural and permanent. As Justice Bradwell explained in a late nineteenth century case, â€Å"the civil law, as well as nature herself, has always recognized a wide difference in the respective spheres and destinies of man and woman† (Bradwell v. Illinois, 83 U.S. (16 Wallace) 141 (1872)). Outside of the courtroom, Lydia Sigourney echoed this sentiment in a book targeted for women, exhorting them: â€Å"[c]onsider the sphere in which thou art placed, as the one in which God willeth thee to be† (Sigourney 109) .

Mother: American Films and Mom

I think the most important person in my life is my mother. The reason why I chose my mother is because she is really all I have, she is my motivation, and she helps me live through all my struggles. I wouldna t be able now to enjoy this minute of my life writing this essay without my mother. My mother has brought me to this wonderful world. For nine months she carried me, she felt very bad, but did not refuse, and gave birth to me. Looking back, my mom is the most positive and important influence on my life.Ia ve been mentioning my mom, in almost every essay I write. But I really cana t express how much I love her, in just words. My mom is a really big part of me, and shea s the person who influences and inspires me. I cana t imagine my life without her. What would I do I dona t know. Ia ve learned how to love her, since I met her for the first time. And I will always love her. She is everything for me. She always protects me and always supports me. She is always with me, when Ia hap py and when Ia m sad. She helps me with hard problems in my life, and she is glad for some good things I do. She helped me from the first, day I was born. She fed me; she didna t sleep for many nights, only to make me comfortable. She went for walks with me, and was always with me. From the first grade of my school, she helped me with my homework; she taught me how to behave. I am who I am, because of my mom. She always tries to make me a better person.From childhood, she hired a piano and chess teacher for me. She bought a lot of books for me to read. She bought some intellectual games and that kind of stuff. Sometimes I didna t like my piano lessons. But I still didna t tell that to my mom, because I didna t want her to be sad. I study hard to make her happy. I want her to be proud of me. I want her to feel, as I am the best child in the world, and as she is the best mom. I do everything for that. I behave myself very good in school, I dona fight and I obey the rules. She always s upports me for my goals and ambitions, and thata s the key in pursuing my dream. And what makes my mother the most important individual in my life aside from those that I have mentioned? It is the fact that even though how many times we fight, and even if I am not the best child she could ever have, she always makes me feel that I am the best gift she ever received from God. If I would have a chance to be born again, I would have chosen to be again her chi

Ransom

David Anomalous Ransom, a postmodern revitalization of Homer's literary epic, the Iliad not only explores the Inner conflict born In man through the vicious undertaking of a path of revenge, but also the intense hatred sparked by the unbearable loss of loved ones. It is probable to many individuals that redemption is not vindicated until Justice has been achieved.Nevertheless, for many, revenge is the best source of that achievement. Mallow in his own way acknowledges this idea, however, Juxtaposed with the thought of one's ability to transform and change, return back to the primal natures of humanity and overcome the most adverse conditions war unveils, these two Ideas merely Illustrate certain circumstances In the novel and therefore act as Just another part of such a poetic epic.It is often identified that the crux of Ransom is centered around the notion of a mans hatred and burning desire to exact revenge on the individuals producing injustices, however, the book also demonstrate s the ability of an individual to transform and adopt a desired persona that will be reminisced for generations to come. Ransom explores who we are and what It means to have an Identity. As the leader of Troy for many decades, Prima has always viewed himself as a king.However, as age begins to have a stronghold on his life, the death of Hector acts as a perfect catalyst for change. He realizes his need to become a â€Å"father† rather than the â€Å"king† he has accustomed himself to. Mallow uses the Journey as an illustration that although this may seem purely as a search for his son's body, it is also a search for himself, a search to reinvent who he is and how he wishes his legacy will be renowned In the future . This very same idea can also be used In relation to the operation of modern society.Mallow demonstrates to his audience that although at certain times individuals may feel trapped in the identity of something they're not, the ability to change is significan t and ultimately is only possible in the change in ones mindset . Revenge and hatred are part of the book, however the importance of one ability to change is also far too great to be undermined. Ransom has an effect on many readers that It Is purely a story about the fulfillment of ones hatred and the glory of revenge, yet to many others, it Is story hat unveils a lot more. Nee of the key aspects of the novel Is Its ability to exemplify the innate nature of humanity among individuals, regardless of status. Achilles is one of the greatest Greek heroes known to man, however, throughout the novel, Mallow deploys various instances that explicitly expose the true vulnerability of being human. From the very outset of the piece, Achilles appears to be in conversation with the sea, soon clarified to be his mother. Through this meticulous placement, Mallow expresses the mystical aspects of his nature.It Illustrates the notion of a dual self, both mortal and immortal. Subtly, it is a way for the readers to understand that even the individuals who front the most resilience, have softer sides that could inevitably be found out. Likewise, Prima, the king and most powerful individual in Troy also succumbs to the aspects that drive humans. Prima unsuspectingly draws on the notion of humanity when he appeals to Achilles as a father in the hope of receiving his son's body. This very meeting Is Mallow's Indication that we are all the same. He time comes, our final action will always be mirrored due to us simply being human . Revenge and hatred can be seen as a humanly trait, however, for the most art of the book there is no direct correlation , it is rather other parts of humanity that builds the foundation of the novel . Throughout the book, Mallow delves deep into the exploration of revenge and hatred, however, the notion of war's wasteful and consequential brutality is also a significant aspect of the novel.Ransom speculates about what war can and cannot solve, and whether m en are defined by violence as a display of masculinity, power and self-knowledge. This is the very notion that Mallow echoes throughout the novella, continually expressed through the use of his main characters. Achilles believes that amidst all the trauma and anguish brought to the city of Troy, it is necessary to avenge his beloved â€Å"soul-mate and lover†, Patrols.This is the very moment where his life begins to slip out of control, the moment it takes a path that seems unimaginable, a path full of bitterly violence. He begins to vent his built up frustration and inner conflict through not only the killing of Hector, but also the desecration of his body. Through this specific display, Mallow parallels the physical nature of Achilles with what many experience amidst the hostility of war. He illustrates that war simply strips away all the cultural ornamentation with which we surround ourselves and lays bare the human body in its most naked state.Some may find that war is ne cessary for men to express themselves with violence, however to others, it can be portrayed purely as a cowardly and feeble response to what life hands down to them . Revenge and hatred are substantial elements to the considerably widespread thematic novel, however the role of war in modern society is consequently as important, and thus illustrated intensely by Mallow throughout his writing.

Macbeth Charachter Essay

Macbeth Character Essay In Act 1, Macbeth is described by Duncan as â€Å"O valiant cousin! Worthy gentleman! † By the end of the play, Malcolm calls him a â€Å"dead butcher†. Trace the changes in Macbeths’ character, analysing the reasons behind them. Macbeth’s ruthless seeking journey for power, urged on by his wife, becomes his tragic flaw which leads to his downfall in all ways. The tragic hero is used by Shakespeare to show how the tragedy lies in the greatness that could so easily have been Macbeth’s.Inevitably, his conversion in character all results in his ambition which causes him to act in such brutal ways. We note how an idealised individual such as Macbeth’s changes into a despised one. We observe Macbeth’s greatness and bravery in combat through the Captain’s account of the battle. Macbeth is described as â€Å"Valour’s minion† who â€Å"carved out his passage till he faced the slave†. One exam ines the respect enclosed in his companion soldiers who give him the name â€Å"brave Macbeth†.This is followed by a line of reassurance which is â€Å"well he deserves that name†. Macbeth’s honour and excellence in battle is demonstrated in Duncan’s words â€Å"O valiant cousin! Worthy gentleman! †. His lack of fear displays his courage and heroism presented in the line â€Å"As cannons over-charged with double-cracks†. Shakespeare uses this to highlight the greatness he once had. We immediately suspect the thought of Duncan’s murder in Macbeth’s mind through the line â€Å"Good sir, why do you start and seem to fear things that sound so fair? . Macbeth’s ambition seems to take control of him as he continuously orders the witches to inform him of the prophecies in the lines â€Å"Stay, you imperfect speakers! Tell me more† and â€Å"Speak, I charge you! †. One can imagine Macbeth’s subsequent actio ns in the line â€Å"nothing is but what is not† as through it we realise that the only values that exists for Macbeth are those which he does not yet have, the Kingship. This continues to demonstrate how his ambition takes full control over him.Macbeth realises that he must act quickly as â€Å"The Prince of Cumberland† is â€Å"a step on which he must fall down, or else o’erleap†, which continues to indicate how his ambition is taking over him and triggers his thought of Duncan’s murder which will soon become a reality. Macbeth recognizes the various reasons of why he should not kill Duncan and is tormented about these doubts, however he resolves to his â€Å"Vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself and falls on the other†. However the loyalty shown to King Duncan in previous scenes is forgotten completely and his true colours are really being shown.We can see how Macbeth deceives Banquo by replying: â€Å"i think not of them† when Banquo says he dreamt of the witches. This is linked to the theme of â€Å"appearance vs. reality† as we see the â€Å"false face† Macbeth has put on. Macbeth’s guilty, overwrought brain induces him to see visions before he does the murder. His guilt becomes outwardly visible to his own eyes, which he calls â€Å"a dagger of the mind†. This is a sign of the great turmoil in his mind where this fearless soldier is now tormented by images of blood and fear of the unknown.After Duncan’s murder Macbeth realizes that because of the deed he has just committed he has lost the possibility of ever receiving blessing. He appears to be conscience stricken as he struggles to say â€Å"Amen†. He realises perfectly well the extent of his guilt as we see in the lines â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s Ocean wash this blood clean from my hand? No† and â€Å"The pluck out mine eyes†. Macbeth’s guilt induces loss of sleep and, since he has lost his peace of mind, his innocence and guilt will torture him. His guilt becomes clearly evident in the line â€Å"Wake Duncan with thy knocking!I would thou couldst† and this shows how he will be scarred and damned for eternity. Macbeth’s mind is tormented by the witches’ prophecy that Banquo’s descendants will be kings of Scotland and convinces murderers that Banquo has always been their enemy while forcing them to kill him. This imposes the reprehensive position with which he has become, even worse than the murderers. Macbeth’s guilt and wickedness is also embodied in the ghost of Banquo which appears to torture Macbeth at the banquet he has organised for the succession of the throne.As soon as Macbeth hypocritically mentions Banquo, he sees his ghost however Macbeth attributes his hallucination of the ghost to being a result of him being a beginner in murder. In later murders Macbeth appears to be quite hardened to the horrors o f murder. He does feel guilt but this is not enough to keep him from committing further murders as he says that he is â€Å"in blood stepped in so far that should I wade no more returning were as tedious as going o’er†. Macbeth derives security from the witches as he typically interprets the apparitions in his favour, rejecting what is unfavourable to him.We remember Hecate’s words: â€Å"security is mortals’ chiefest enemy†. By the end of the play Macbeth becomes completely ruthless and irrational and decides that â€Å"The very firstlings of my heart shall be the firstlings of my hand†. He therefore resolves to attack Macduff’s castle and kill his family. This accentuates Macbeth’s evil even more while showing the degeneration in his character as he murders a defenceless woman and her children. Macbeth no longer has any soul searching as he does not justify himself anymore with soliloquies before doing his deeds.This causes h im to become completely ruthless and unscrupulous, making him an outright villain. Although throughout the book Macbeth seems to be influenced by his wife and the witches, it is Macbeth and his will to become king that performs each and every deed. Macbeth could so easily have been a righteous and respectable person however it is his ambition and will that induces him to become a â€Å"hell hound† and a â€Å"dead butcher†. Although Macbeth has become a changed man his only kingly characteristic was his courage to fight until he, the lonely saddened yet ruthless character, died in battle.

Engineer

Concentrated Knowledgeâ„ ¢ for the Busy Executive Vol. 24, No. 8 (2 parts) Part 1, August 2002 †¢ Order # 24-19 FILE: LEADERSHIP  ® Realizing the Power of Emotional Intelligence PRIMAL LEADERSHIP THE SUMMARY IN BRIEF Great leaders move us. They ignite our passion and inspire the best in us. When we try to explain why they are so effective, we speak of strategy, vision, or powerful ideas. But the reality is much more primal: Great leadership works through the emotions. Humankind’s original leaders earned their place because their leadership was emotionally compelling. In the modern organization this primordial emotional task remains.Leaders must drive the collective emotions in a positive direction and clear the smog created by toxic emotions whether it is on the shop floor or in the boardroom. When leaders drive emotions positively they bring out everyone’s best. When they drive emotions negatively they spawn dissonance, undermining the emotional foundations t hat let people shine. The key to making primal leadership work to everyone’s advantage lies in the leadership competencies of emotional intelligence; how leaders handle themselves and their relationships. Leaders who exercise primal leadership drive the emotions of those they lead in the right direction.By Daniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis and Annie McKee CONTENTS The Vital Emotional Component of Leadership Page 2 Why Good Leaders Must Read Emotions Pages 2, 3 The Four Dimensions Of Emotional Intelligence Pages 3, 4 The Leadership Repertoire Pages 4, 5 What You’ll Learn In This Summary In this summary, you will learn the secrets of primal leadership by: ? Understanding what primal leadership is and why, when practiced correctly, it creates resonance in your organization. ? Understanding the neuroanatomy that underlies primal leadership and what emotional intelligence competencies you need to succeed. Understanding the six leadership styles you can use — from visi onary to coaching to pacesetting — to inspire others, and when to use each one. ? Understanding who you are and what you need to change to become a primal leader, and then develop a plan to make those changes. ? Learning how to build emotionally intelligent organizations. Published by Soundview Executive Book Summaries, 10 LaCrue Avenue, Concordville, Pennsylvania 19331 USA  ©2002 Soundview Executive Book Summaries †¢ All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or part is prohibited. Developing Emotionally Intelligent Leaders Pages 5, 6 The Motivation to ChangePages 6, 7 Building Emotionally Intelligent Organizations Pages 7, 8 Reality and the Ideal Vision Page 8 Creating Sustainable Change Page 8 PRIMAL LEADERSHIP by Daniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis and Annie McKee — THE COMPLETE SUMMARY The Vital Emotional Component of Leadership Gifted leadership occurs where heart and head — feeling and thought — meet. These are the two things that allow a leade r to soar. All leaders need enough intellect to handle the tasks and challenges at hand. However, intellect alone won’t make a leader. Leaders execute a vision by motivating, guiding, inspiring, listening, persuading and creating resonance.As a result, the manner in which leaders act — not just what they do, but how they do it — is a fundamental key to effective leadership. The reason lies in the design of the human brain. Laughter and the Open Loop A study at Yale University showed that among working groups, cheerfulness and warmth spread most easily. Laughter, in particular, demonstrates the power of the open loop in operation. Unlike other emotional signals which can be feigned, laughter is largely involuntary. In a neurological sense, laughing represents the shortest distance between two people because it instantly interlocks limbic systems.This immediate, involuntary reaction might be called a limbic lock. Laughter in the workplace signals trust, comfort, a nd a shared sense of the world. a management team that did not get along, the poorer the company’s market return.  ¦ The Open Loop The brain is an open loop. We rely on connections with other people for our emotional stability. Scientists describe the open-loop system as â€Å"interpersonal limbic regulation,† whereby one person transmits signals that can alter hormone levels, cardiovascular function, sleep rhythms and even immune function inside the body of another.Other people can change our very physiology and our emotions. The continual interplay of limbic open loops among members of a group creates a kind of emotional soup, with everyone adding his or her flavor to the mix. Negative emotions — especially chronic anger, anxiety or a sense of futility — powerfully disrupt work, hijacking attentions from the tasks at hand. On the other hand, when people feel good, they work at their best. Feeling good lubricates mental efficiency, making people better at understanding information and making complex judgments.Insurance agents with a glass-ishalf-full attitude, for example, make more sales, in part because they are able to withstand rejection better than their more pessimistic peers. A study on 62 CEOs and their top management shows just how important mood is. The CEOs and their management team members were assessed on how upbeat — energetic, enthusiastic and determined — they were. They were also asked how much conflict the top team experienced. The study found that the more positive the overall moods of people in the top management team, the more cooperative they worked together and the better the company’s business results.The longer a company was run by Why Good Leaders Must Read Emotions Dissonance, in its original musical sense, describes an unpleasant, harsh sound. Dissonant leadership produces groups that feel emotionally discordant, in which people have a sense of being continually off-key. Ranging fr om abusive tyrants to manipulative sociopaths, dissonant leaders are out of touch and create wretched workplaces (continued on page 3) The authors: Daniel Goleman is Codirector of the Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations at Rutgers University.Richard Boyatzis is Professor and Chairman of the Department of Organizational Behavior at the Weatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University. Annie McKee, who is a member of the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education, consults to business leaders worldwide. Copyright © 2002 by Daniel Goleman. Summarized by permission of the publisher, Harvard Business School Press, 60 Harvard Way, Boston, MA 02472 (for print and electronic rights) and Audio Renaissance, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 (for audio rights). 306 pages. $26. 95. 0-57851-486-X.Published by Soundview Executive Book Summaries (ISSN 0747-2196), 10 LaCrue Avenue, Concordville, PA 19331 USA, a divis ion of Concentrated Knowledge Corporation. Publisher, George Y. Clement. V. P. Publications, Maureen L. Solon. Editor-in-Chief, Christopher G. Murray. Published monthly. Subscriptions: $195 per year in U. S. , Canada & Mexico, and $275 to all other countries. Periodicals postage paid at Concordville, PA and additional offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to Soundview, 10 LaCrue Avenue, Concordville, PA 19331. Copyright  © 2002 by Soundview Executive Book Summaries.Available formats: Summaries are available in print, audio and electronic formats. To subscribe, call us at 1-800-521-1227 (1-610-558-9495 outside U. S. & Canada) Multiple-subscription discounts and Corporate Site Licenses are also available. . 2 Soundview Executive Book Summaries  ® Primal Leadership — SUMMARY Why Good Leaders Must Read Emotions (continued from page 2) Leadership and the Brain’s Design New findings in brain research show that the neural systems responsible for the intellect and for the emotions are separate, but have intimately interwoven connections.This brain circuitry provides the neural basis of primal leadership. Although our business culture places great value in an intellect devoid of emotion, our emotions are more powerful than our intellect. In emergencies, the limbic brain — our emotional center — commandeers the rest of our brain. There is a good reason for this. Emotions are crucial for survival, being the brain’s way of alerting us to something urgent and offering an immediate plan for action — fight, flee, freeze. The thinking brain evolved from the limbic brain, and continues to take orders from it when it perceives a threat.The trigger point is the amygdala, a limbic brain structure that scans what’s happening to us moment by moment, always on the alert for an emergency. It commandeers other parts of the brain, including the rational centers in the cortex, for immediate action if it perceives an emergency. Tod ay we face complex social realities with a brain designed for surviving physical emergencies. And so we find ourselves hijacked — swept away by anxiety or anger better suited for handling bodily threats than office politics.Fortunately, emotional impulses pass through other parts of the brain, from the amygdala through the prefrontal area. There an emotional impulse can be vetoed. The dialogue between neurons in the emotional center and the prefrontal area operate through a neurological superhighway. The emotional intelligence competencies hinge on the smooth operation of this circuitry. Biologically speaking, then, the art of primal leadership interweaves our intellect and emotions. ? — although they have no idea how destructive they are, or simply don’t care.Meanwhile, the collective distress they trigger becomes the group’s preoccupation, deflecting attention away from their mission. Emotionally Intelligent Resonance Resonant leaders, on the other hand , are attuned to their people’s feelings and move them in a positive emotional direction. Resonance comes naturally to emotionally intelligent leaders. Their passion and enthusiastic energy resounds throughout the group. When there are serious concerns, emotionally intelligent (EI) leaders use empathy to attune to the emotional registry of the people they lead.For example, if something has happened that everyone feels angry about (such as the closing of a division) or sad about (such as a co-worker’s serious illness) the EI leader not only empathizes with those emotions, but also expresses them for the group. The leader leaves people feeling understood and cared for. Under the guidance of an EI leader, people feel a mutual comfort level. They share ideas, learn from one another, make decisions collaboratively, and get things done. Perhaps most important, connecting with others at an emotional level makes work more meaningful.  ¦ The Four Dimensions Of Emotional Intel ligenceThere are four domains to emotional intelligence: selfawareness, self-management, social awareness and relationships management. Within the four domains are 18 competencies. These competencies are the vehicles of primal leadership. Even the most outstanding leader will not have all competencies. Effective leaders, though, exhibit at least one competency from each of the domains. The four domains and their competencies are listed below: Self-awareness ? Emotional self-awareness: Reading one’s own emotions and recognizing their impact and using â€Å"gut sense† to guide decisions. Accurate self-assessment: Knowing one’s strengths and limits. ? Self-confidence: A sound sense of one’s self-worth and capabilities. Transparency: Displaying honesty, integrity and trustworthiness. ? Adaptability: Flexibility in adapting to changing situations or overcoming obstacles. ? Achievement: The drive to improve performance to meet inner standards of excellence. ? I nitiative: Readiness to act and seize opportunities. ? Optimism: Seeing the upside in events. Social Awareness ? Self-management ? Emotional self-control: Keeping disruptive emotions and impulses under control.Empathy: Sensing others’ emotions, understanding their perspective, and taking active interest in their concerns. ? Organizational awareness: Reading the currents, decision networks, and politics at the organizational level. (continued on page 4) Soundview Executive Book Summaries  ® 3 Primal Leadership — SUMMARY The Four Dimensions of Emotional Intelligence (continued from page 3) ? Service: Recognizing and meeting follower, client or customer needs. Relationship Management ? Inspirational leadership: Guiding and motivating with a compelling vision. ? Influence: Wielding a range of tactics for persuasion. Developing others: Bolstering others’ abilities through feedback and guidance. ? Change catalyst: Initiating, managing and leading in new directions. ? Building bonds: Cultivating and maintaining relationship webs. ? Teamwork and collaboration: Cooperation and team-building.  ¦ The Leadership Repertoire The best, most effective leaders act according to one or more of six distinct approaches to leadership. Four of the styles — visionary, coaching, affiliative and democratic — create the kind of resonance that boosts performance. The other two — pacesetting and commanding — should be applied with caution. nd fostering friendly interactions. When leaders are being affiliative, they focus on the emotional needs of workers, using empathy. Many leaders who use the affiliative approach combine it with the visionary approach. Visionary leaders state a mission, set standards, and let people know whether their work is furthering group goals. Ally that with the caring approach of the affiliative leader and you have a potent combination. 4. Democratic. A democratic leader builds on a triad of EI abilities: teamw ork and collaboration, conflict management and influence. Democratic leaders are great listeners and true collaborators.They know how to quell conflict and create harmony. Empathy also plays a role. A democratic approach works best when as a leader, you are unsure what direction to take and need ideas from able employees. For example, IBM’s Louis Gerstner, an outsider to the computer industry when he became CEO of the ailing giant, relied on seasoned colleagues for advice. 5. Pacesetting. Pacesetting as a leadership style must be applied sparingly, restricted to settings where it truly works. Common wisdom holds that pacesetting is admirable. The leader holds and exemplifies high standards for performance.He is obsessive about doing things better and faster, quickly pinpointing poor performers. Unfortunately, applied excessively, pacesetting can backfire and lead to low morale as workers think they are being pushed too hard or that the leader doesn’t (continued on page 5) The Six Styles of Leadership 1. Visionary. The visionary leader articulates where a group is going, but not how it gets there — setting people free to innovate, experiment and take calculated risks. Inspirational leadership is the emotional intelligence competence that most strongly undergirds the visionary style.Transparency, another EI competency, is also crucial. If a leader’s vision is disingenuous, people sense it. The EI competency that matters most to visionary leadership, however, is empathy. The ability to sense what others feel and understand their perspectives helps leader articulate a truly inspirational vision. 2. Coaching. The coaching style is really the art of the one-on-one. Coaches help people identify their unique strengths and weaknesses, tying those to their personal and career aspirations. Effective coaching exemplifies the EI competency of developing others, which lets a leader act as a counselor.It works hand in hand with two other competenc ies: emotional awareness and empathy. 3. Affiliative. The affiliative style of leadership represents the collaborative competency in action. An affiliative leader is most concerned with promoting harmony 4 A Visionary Leader When Shawana Leroy became director of a social agency, there were clearly problems. Her predecessor had mired the agency in rules that the talented staff the agency had attracted because of its mission found draining. Despite increased needs for the agency’s services, the pace of work was slow. Leroy met one-on-one with staff and found out that they shared her ision. She got people talking about their hopes for the future and tapped into the compassion and dedication they felt. She voiced their shared values whenever she could. She guided them in looking at whether how they did things furthered the mission, and together they eliminated rules that made no sense. Meanwhile, she modeled the principles of the new organization she wanted to create: one that wa s transparent and honest; one that focused on rigor and results. Then Leroy and her team tackled the changes. The agency’s emotional climate changed to reflect her passion and commitment; she set the tone as a visionary leader.Soundview Executive Book Summaries  ® Primal Leadership — SUMMARY The Leadership Repertoire (continued from page 4) The Case of Too Much Pacesetting The superb technical skills of Sam, an R&D biochemist at a large pharmaceutical company, made him an early star. When he was appointed to head a team to develop a new product, Sam continued to shine, and his teammates were as competent and self-motivated as their leader. Sam, however, began setting the pace by working late and offering himself as a model of how to do first-class scientific work under tremendous deadline pressure.His team completed the task in record time. But when Sam was selected to head R&D, he began to slip. Not trusting the capabilities of his subordinates, he refused to delega te power, becoming instead a micro-manager obsessed with details. He took over for others he perceived as slacking, rather than trust that they could improve with guidance. To everyone’s relief, including his own, he returned to his old job. trust them to get their job done. The emotional intelligence foundation of a pacesetter is the drive to achieve through improved performance and the initiative to seize opportunities.But a pacesetter who lacks empathy can easily be blinded to the pain of those who achieve what the leader demands. Pacesetting works best when combined with the passion of the visionary style and the team building of the affiliate style. 6. Commanding. The command leader demands immediate compliance with orders, but doesn’t bother to explain the reasons. If subordinates fail to follow orders, these leaders resort to threats. They also seek tight control and monitoring. Of all the leadership styles, the commanding approach is the least effective. Consid er what the style does to an organization’s climate.Given that emotional contagion spreads most readily from the top down, an intimidating, cold leader contaminates everyone’s mood. Such a leader erodes people’s spirits and the pride and satisfaction they take in their work. The commanding style works on limited circumstances, and only when used judiciously. For example, in a genuine emergency, such as an approaching hurricane or a hostile take-over attempt, a take-control style can help everyone through the crisis. An effective execution of the commanding style draws on three emotional intelligence competencies: influence, achievement and initiative.In addition, self-awareness, emotional self-control and empathy are crucial to keep the commanding style from going off track.  ¦ Developing Emotionally Intelligent Leaders The key to learning that lasts lies in the brain. Remember that emotional intelligence involves circuitry between the prefrontal lobes and the limbic system. Skills based in the limbic system are best learned through motivation, extended practice and feedback. The limbic system is a slow learner, especially when trying to relearn deeply ingrained habits. This matters immensely when trying to improve leadership skills.These skills often come down to habits learned early in life. Reeducating the emotional brain for leadership learning requires plenty of practice and repetition. That’s because neural connections used over and over (continued on page 6) Boyatzis’s Theory of Self-Directed Learning Practicing the new behavior, building new neural pathways through to mastery 1. My ideal self: Who do I want to be? 2. My real self: Who am I? 5. Developing trusting relationships that help, support and encourage each step in the process 4. Experimenting with new behavior, thoughts and feelingsMy strengths: Where my ideal and real self overlap My gaps: Where my ideal and real self differ 3. My learning agenda: Building on my strengths while reducing gaps Soundview Executive Book Summaries  ® 5 Primal Leadership — SUMMARY How One Leader Changed When Nick, a star salesman, took over as head of an insurance agency in a new city, he knew he needed help. The agency was in the bottom quartile. He hired leadership consultants, who determined what type of leader Nick was. He fit the pacesetting mold, with elements of the commanding style. As pressure mounted, the atmosphere grew increasingly tense.Nick was encouraged to focus on his salespeople’s performance rather than his own. This required he use the coaching and visionary styles. Fortunately, some of the traits that made him a great salesman — empathy, self-management and inspiration — transferred well. He seized the opportunity to work one-on-one and stifled his impulse to jump in when he got impatient with someone’s work. Eighteen months later, the agency had moved from the bottom to the top and Nick became one o f the youngest managers to win a national award for growth. The Motivation to Change The first discovery — the ideal self — is where change begins.Connecting with one’s passion, energy, and excitement about life is the key to uncovering your ideal self. Doing so requires a reach deep inside. You, Fifteen Years from Now Think about where you would be sitting and reading this summary if it were fifteen years from now and you were living your ideal life. What kinds of people are around you? What does your environment look and feel like? What would you be doing during a typical day? Don’t worry about the feasibility. Just let the image develop and place yourself in the picture. Write down your vision, or share it with a trusted friend.After doing this exercise, you may feel a release of energy and optimism. Envisioning your ideal future can be a powerful way to connect with the real possibilities for change in our lives. Next, determine what your guiding prin ciples are. What are your core values in the areas of life that are important to you, such as family, relationships, work, spirituality and health. Write down everything you want to experience before you die. Doing so will open you up to new possibilities. Developing Emotionally Intelligent Leaders (continued from page 5) become stronger while those not used weaken. Self-Directed LearningTo work, leadership development must be self-directed. You must want to develop or strengthen an aspect of who you are or who you want to be. This requires first getting a strong image of your ideal self, and an accurate picture of your real self. Self-directed learning involves five discoveries, each representing a discontinuity. The goal is to use each discovery as a tool for making the changes needed to become an emotionally intelligent leader. People who successfully change move through the following stages: ? The first discovery: My ideal self — Who do I want to be? ? The second discover y: My real self — Who am I?What are my strengths and gaps? ? The third discovery: My learning agenda — How can I build on my strengths while reducing my gaps? ? The fourth discovery: Experimenting with and practicing new thoughts, behaviors and feelings to the point of mastery. ? The fifth discovery: Developing supportive and trusting relationships that make change possible.  ¦ Look at Your Real Self Once you see your ideal self, you need to look at your real self — the second discovery. Then, and only then, can you understand your strengths. Taking stock of your real self starts with an inventory of your talents and passions — the person you actually are.This can be painful if the slow, invisible creep of compromise and complacency has caused your ideal self to slip away. How do you get to the truth of your real self? You must break through the information quarantine around you. Actively seek out negative feedback. You can do this using a 360-degree ev aluation — collecting information from your boss, your peers and your subordinates. Multiple views render a more complete picture because each sees a different aspect of you. Once you have a full picture of yourself, you can examine your strengths and gaps. Do this by creating a personal balance sheet, listing both.Don’t focus solely on the gaps. Metamorphosis: Sustaining Leadership Change It’s now time to develop a practical plan to learn leadership skills, which is the third discovery. Focus on improvements you are passionate about, building on your strengths while filling the gaps. Craft specific, manageable learning goals that are tied to the goals that motivate you. When goal-setting, consider that: (continued on page 7) 6 Soundview Executive Book Summaries  ® Primal Leadership — SUMMARY Are You a Boiling Frog? If you drop a frog into boiling water, it will instinctively jump out.But if you place the frog in a pot of cold water and gradually increa se the temperature, the frog won’t notice the water’s getting hotter. It will sit there until the water boils. The fate of that poached frog isn’t so unlike some leaders who settle into a routine or let small conveniences solidify into large habits — and allow inertia to set in. Building Emotionally Intelligent Organizations When it comes to leadership, changing a single leader is only the beginning. The rest of the job is to develop a critical mass of resonant leaders and thereby transform how people work together.Parallel Transformations The most effective leadership development works hand in hand with parallel transformations in the organizations that those leaders guide. Groups only begin to change when they understand how they work, especially if there is discordance. They must understand what the underlying group norms are, and then develop the ideal vision for the group. The Motivation to Change (continued from page 6) ? Goals should build strength s. ? Goals must be your own, not someone else’s. ? Plans must be flexible and feasible, with manageable steps. ? Plans must fit your learning style.The Power of Group Decision-Making Group decision-making is superior to that of the brightest individual in the group — unless the group lacks harmony or the ability to cooperate. Even groups with brilliant individuals will make bad decisions in such an environment. In short, groups are smarter than individuals when (and only when) they exhibit the qualities of emotional intelligence. Leaders ignore the power of the Groups are smarter than group at great individuals when cost. You can’t (and only when) assume that the force of your they exhibit the qualities leadership alone of emotional intelligence. s enough to drive people’s behavior. Don’t make the common mistake of ignoring resonance-building leadership styles and steam-rolling over the team using the commanding and pacesetting styles exclusively. To lead a team effectively, you must address the group reality. Leaders who have a keen sense of the group’s pivotal norms and who are adept at maximizing positive emotions can create highly emotionally intelligent teams. The Experimenting Stage The fourth discovery requires you to reconfigure your brain as you practice new behaviors to the point of mastery.You can only do this by bringing bad habits into awareness and consciously practicing a better way. Rehearse the behavior at every opportunity until it becomes automatic. Improving an emotional intelligence competency takes months because the emotional centers of the brain are involved. The more often a behavioral sequence repeats, the stronger the underlying brain circuits become, as you rewire your brain. Like a professional musician, you must practice and practice until the behavior becomes automatic. A powerful technique you can use is the mental rehearsal. Envision yourself repeating the behavior you want to master ov er and over again.This, coupled with using the behavior as often as possible, will trigger the neural connections necessary for genuine change to occur. Supportive and Trusting Relationships Finally, begin applying the fifth discovery — the power of supportive relationships. For anyone who has gone through leadership development that works, the importance of the people along the way is obvious. Having supportive people around when you want to change can make a big difference. Positive groups help people make positive changes, especially when the relationships are filled with candor, trust and psychological safety.For leaders, that safety may be crucial for learning to occur. Leaders often feel unsafe in the spotlight, and avoid risk-taking change. Where can you find these relationships? One approach is to find a mentor. Another is to hire an executive coach.  ¦ Maximizing the Group’s Emotional Intelligence A group’s emotional intelligence requires the same cap abilities that an emotionally intelligent individual does — self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and relationship management. A group expresses its self-awareness by being mindful of shared moods as well as the emotions of its members.Emotions are contagious, and a team leader needs to understand how to keep a bad mood from spreading. For example, imagine a meeting held in an out-of-the (continued on page 8) Soundview Executive Book Summaries  ® 7 Primal Leadership — SUMMARY Building Emotionally Intelligent Organizations (continued from page 7) way location and a team member arriving late exclaiming that the meeting location is very inconvenient for him. If the member’s anger is allowed to fester, it will infect the whole team. But if instead, the leader acknowledges the sacrifice the member is making and thanks him, the anger dissipates.The leader who wants to create an emotionally intelligent team can start by helping the team raise its collecti ve self-awareness. This is the true work of the team leader. Initiate the process by looking at what’s really going on in the group. Uncover the team’s less-productive norms and work with the team to change them.  ¦ Shoney’s Transformation The Shoney’s restaurant chain had a close-knit group of executives at the top — people who knew each other well, shared history and beliefs, and generally thought they knew how to run their business.In reality, they were an old-boy’s network of white male senior executives with an underlying culture that left people of color behind. All that changed when the company paid $132 million to settle a class-action lawsuit by employees and applicants who alleged discrimination. A cadre of new leaders have changed the company’s culture and broadened opportunities so much that ten years later, the company was listed as one of the top 50 companies for minorities by Fortune magazine. The change occurred beca use the lawsuit was a wake-up call regarding the reality of the company’s dissonant culture.The new leaders identified an ideal vision that would guide hiring practices, and the organization embraced that vision. Reality and the Ideal Vision Just as was the case with teams, a leader who wants to change an organization must first understand its reality. Change begins when emotionally intelligent leaders actively question the emotional reality and cultural norms underlying the organization’s daily activities and behavior. To create resonance and results, the leader has to pay attention to people’s emotions. Even toxic organizations can change. Creating Sustainable ChangeHow does a leader create sustainable resonance in an organization? Every large organization has pockets of resonance and dissonance. The overall ratio determines the organization’s emotional climate and performance. To shift the ratio toward resonance, cultivate a dispersed cadre of emotiona lly intelligent leaders. To do that, leadership training must be the strategic priority and be managed at the highest level. Commitment must come from the top. That’s because new leadership means a new mindset and new behaviors, and in order for these to stick, the organization’s culture, systems and processes all need to change.Let’s say that as a leader, you get it. You’ve set the stage by assessing the culture, examining the reality and the ideal. You’ve created resonance around the idea of change, and you’ve identified the people who will take top leadership roles. The next step is to design a process that lets those leaders uncover their own dreams and personal ideals, examine their strengths and their gaps, and use their daily work as a learning laboratory. That process must also be self-directed and include the following elements: ?A tie-in to the organization’s culture. ? Seminars emphasizing individual change. ? Learning abou t emotional competencies. ? Creative learning experiences. ? Relationships that support learning, such as executive coaching.  ¦ Dynamic Inquiry A process called dynamic inquiry can help you discover an organization’s emotional reality — what people care about, what is helping A leader who wants them, their group, to change an organization and the organization to succeed, and must first understand what’s getting in its reality. the way.The process uses focused conversations and open-ended questions intended to get to feelings. Themes become apparent from these conversations, which are then taken to small groups for more discussion. The conversations that ensue about what’s right and what’s not create momentum. People feel inspired and empowered, willing to work together to address their collective concerns. Once they do, you will be able to help the organization define its ideal vision — one that is in sync with individual hopes and dreams .  ¦ 8 Soundview Executive Book Summaries  ®