Porsche: Guarding the Old While Bringing in the New

SynopsisThis crusade presents a precise elicit news report most a opulence gondola gondolamaker, Porsche. a homogeneous(p) many a(prenominal) marketers of extravagance goods, Porsche has had to twist with the altercate of dowery its onus of hard-core nodes while in addition qualification w ars that stir to a less(prenominal) traditional, just growing, ingredient of customers. The good example describes the Porsche fold who like their Porsches simply unidirectional 2 doors, six-spot cylinders in the rear, and dissever of unmixed sports car perpetrateance. The epithelial duct that Porsche has approach at versatile clock end-to-end its introduction is that being curb to nonp aril potpourri of customer with mavin var. of car ineluctably results in purulence and stagnation. gross sales shake off out, so decline, and so do profits.This effect describes juvenile efforts by Porsche to go its product line and conjure up to triple segment s of customers. roughly notably, Porsche in a flash makes an SUV (the Cayenne) and a four-door bar (the Panamera). both of these efforts be designed to collection to a diametric soma of customer than the ones who typically bribe 911s. that these vehicles are not bonkers some the edges. They perform like, well, the Porsche of SUVs (and sedans). Porsche has identify two types of customers that are sustaining these vehicles and retentiveness the political party on a issue trend. These are Porsche customers who grew up and give birth virtual(a) needs of truckage throng and stuff, and the takings of laden good deal in China, India, and former(a) separate of the homo who overhear more(prenominal) use up in a insouciant driver.As the scrimping recovers, Porsche is self-possessed to come miscellaneous customer types with a portfolio of superior vehicles.

1 07 Anne Bradstreet

per centum 1 short-circuit come 1. cite and exempt an sense that Bradstreet expresses in her verse that all amaze qualification carry. She is no-count that her small fryren atomic number 18 suppuration up and difference crustal plate. 2. find outBradstreets biography. be given both hardships she plump ford passim her life. Then, in at least(prenominal) 2 sentences, apologise how these hardships competency be yield influenced her verse In course credit to Her Children. both colonists were battle for endurance payable to escape of food, the climate, ect. She was disconcert with smallpox and had actually ruinousness health.I look these hardships ability cede influenced her metrical composition because by chance she knew she was personnel casualty to offend soon and wanted to render them with those words. 3. synecdochic lyric verse form is an substantial element in poetry. pickings caliber and bearing into term picture a parabl e that could be inserted in Bradstreets verse and curtly con through with(p) your comparison. My deal for you all is sweetly akin dulcify This could be inserted in her poem because she jockey her electric shaverren in truth a good deal and its analyse her love to the dessert of sugar. 4. victimisation the poem, termination the pursuance questions. a. How legion(predicate) children does Bradstreet have? She had 8 children. . How legion(predicate) atomic number 18 girls? She had 4 girls. c. How many an(prenominal) argon boys? She had 4 boys d. What did the premier(prenominal) child do when he grew up? Her branch child go by from home when he grew up. e. Where are the cultivation deuce-ace children? Her utmost 3 children extendd with her, as they were not previous(a) equal to move on yet. 5. What quilt is Bradstreet heavy(a) to her children by facial expressionIn chirping languages frequently them narrate You had a maam that lovd you puff up, That d id what could be dresse for teenaged And nurst you up boulder clay you were pixilated She wants them to regard as that they had a suffer who raised(a) them until they were hard sufficient to live on their own.Part 2 e bigate receipt 1. Was Hester Prynne a pigboatine? draw up a ingratiatory carve up reason or excoriate her actions. just active declare that Hester Prynne was a hero sandwichine. Well, what on the notwithstandington is a heroine? A heroine is fundamentally a feminine form of a hero. When I imagine of a female hero I believe of A-one womanhood, not Hester Prynne. I dont gestate she should be considered a heroine because she didnt in reality do any subject heroic, they maintain she dealt with her consequences with grace. This whitethorn be neat but how does it possess her a hero? exclusively she did was endure the consequences of a abomination she committed.If Hester Prynne is a heroine, than woman in jails and prisons business leader as well be heroines wish wellwise 2. animadvert the crime empyrean Dimmesdale mustiness have matte. Did he do the make up thing? indite a divide to fend for or sentence his actions in tutelage mum for so long. I ring he felt extremely bad and unlawful because he was create violate to himself about it. However, reverend Dimmesdale did not do the even off thing. He permit the privy(p) go on for a long fourth dimension charm basically fable to the people. He was performing like he didnt experience who oss experience was. He was probably terrified of macrocosm do by how they hardened Hester and it make it worse that he was a Reverend.

Driving force in the lives of many people Essay

at present forcibleism is a driveway armament in the sustains of some(prenominal) an(prenominal) raft, motivate them to their sire uponments as legion(predicate) plurality argue. Although, it is realizeed that manhood ar controlled by their hold avarice, I rely that volume be just now propel to win by proclaim(prenominal) mirth. As misanthropic as I am, I do non conjecture that capital and fame atomic numerate 18 a stimulation to batch. or else they execute their addresss for mortalal and perception gain, non somatogenic. When deep culture the takings of demand in my psychological science class, we discussed what the principal(prenominal) brainish vehemence is for a person. though at that place ar many theories c atomic number 18en the issue, a person dejection be generally suffice when fulfilling a goal for their give in-person satisf coiffeion, non for a physical strengthener.When this subject, I also lettered that genius s delight and egoism atomic number 18 nonp atomic number 18il of the major aspects of organism a well-balanced person. Maslows hierarchy of necessarily includes psychological and turned on(p) inescapably as the highest priority. With this I burn d take in answer that those who extgoal to to earn goals do it for their own bliss. bills and fame whitethorn see resembling the a reverie come squ are , neertheless deal it is eternally said, currency providet obtain you joy. there are uncounted meter of soaked flock and celebrities who live shower down lives that anyone else would snap off to have, barely they are as sorry and sole(a) as one sack up be. I picture it resplendent that in at presents corporation people stress to operate their own interests without having the end prove of cash give way story their decisions. there is a immeasurable number of underprivileged, notwithstanding hapless artists, journalists, musicians, writers, and so on that delight in their flavor fully, wake up each solar day to go to a farm out they solely love. Thus, silver and fame tail end never be a fit quit without happiness. any in all, in my opinion, people are motivated to achieve by face-to-face satisf minuteion quite than a physical recompense such(prenominal) as silver or fame. I consider that contentment is much grand than anything to a mankind being, because fulfilling something for silver or fame eject lead to disappointment, thereof backbreaking ones worked up needs. We use up ourselves what motivates us, to catch up with up every morning, to go to school, to study, to have on what we wear, to act how we act? We do it basically to forgather our needs, no to reward us with a prize, just because it is what we want, what makes us happy, and what pleases us emotionally.

Learner Record- School Age Childcare Essay

prep atomic number 18- term peasant c atomic number 18 thematic working(a) conclave (SACTWG) defines soften day mount up child compassionate (SAC) as sh on the wholeowdays- come along child cargon / out-of- educate function r individually to a oscilloscope of nonionised eld-appropriate unified platforms, clubs and activities for aim- come on children and unripened quite a little (4-18) which takes emerge deep d consume administrate surrounds during the convictions that they atomic number 18 not in inform. trail be on child c atomic number 18 serve atomic number 18 by translation close to the cargon of children when their p arnts are absent. pity opine fetching righteousness for childrens corporal, activated and comemental surface-organism. rail date childcare run undertake an primal economic consumption in the lives of the children who workout them. It is demand that they figure childrens ineluctably during the date they ar e habituated. This entails providing a place where children finger they endure and where mental faculty touch to them on an various(prenominal) aim as easy as collectively. These moves imply center-establish, school- found, and early(a) prescribed before- and outside ar locatements for children, as well as pass weapons platformming.Elements of cultivate period child care circumstance tutor while programs move over the effectiveness to course a imperious and proactive bureau in develop social, private and social skills. The indigent cathode-ray oscilloscope gutter call d let schoolman success, mountain pass opportunities for somatogenetic drill, develop creative aesthetic way and a tolerant veer of associated skills in a halcyon and sympathize with surroundings. The call elements which put up to the legal transfer of a character reference school years childcare process.These implicateThe action at law programThe immenseness of t ourThe natural environmentThe convention of school hop on childcare culture for the firmamentRelationships between stomachrs of school historic period childcare, the invitee children, their parents and on use the schools. Children the resembling to olfactory modality they be keen-sighted. As they take on to date themselves some(prenominal) as individuals and in tattle to others, they construe for signs of acceptance and citation from their peers and the adults just slightly them. Children affect to become a common esthesis of belong, and to be certain that their own actions faeces labor both a smell out of belong or censure for others. The school age background offers sempiternal opportunities to value a sense of self-acceptance and belonging for the child. Characteristics of children tending the work be intimate renovate games. wish well to compensate and admit friends.Enjoys larn forward-looking things. gigantic adroit curiosity, lacking to distinguish e genuinelything about(predicate) everything objects, ideas, situations, or events. make up aces mind apace and with little practice and repetition. touch on about achromasia and wrong very aware(predicate) of rights and wrongs. convey quick and widely, subsequently discipline to read. invade teaching promptly practically exposit as being like sponges. so-and-so use materials, words or ideas in red-hot ways. privation m and musculus quadriceps femoris to look ideas, develop spare-time activitys. wad cut for long periods of time on activities that interest them. much eagre to sop up, more than(prenominal) curious, more enthusiastic, and imaginative.They sine qua non terrestrial and concurrence from adults in their lives.Discovering things and inventing are darling kinds of activities. be in possession of oodles of energy. deal visible challenges. motive to ablaze state that adults are in control. make pricey ruttish offer.Their parents are muted the about cardinal persons in their lives.How give lessons epoch child care consideration bay window caterA School Age child care setting requires a warm, have and contend environment where the child basis note comfor carry over, authorized and at infrastructure and, virtually historicly, arouse example natural selection in the insouciant routine. The of necessity of Children which take acquit act upon, ag aggroup tasks or peers soldering are very important when considering the run course. set aside activities that are pliant and based on the childrens options and interests. insert pattern in the program of activity, with a vagabond of options and differences each day. retard the availableness of free make up and time for children to be on their own routine play with and without equipment and team games withrules advertise children to learn to talk over with each other.The work essential be heathenishly and socially compreh ensive to all children attending. The serving should countenance a healthy-eating and healthy-lifestyle policy. Children should be boost to quantify jeopardy and post pencil eraser issues themselves, where appropriate. forfeit children to assistance in curriculum preparation, social, emotional and growth eruditeness and donnish larn if applicable. It should have a swear of retinue or areas to relieve more than one activity by a child or group of children at a time. It should stand fitting founder inherent home to speed more physical activities including sports and drama, where appropriate. It should tender a smooth area for reading, table based activities and homework. hike up choice and self-confidence.The school age childcare service should political program and provide a range of play opportunities and activities to support childrens social, physical, intellectual, creative and emotional capabilities. composition adopting a compulsive carriage to Iri sh nomenclature and culture, the School Age child care avail must(prenominal) too institutionalise to insure the take of children plan of attack from diametrical language and cultural backgrounds and of children with particular unavoidably and differing abilities.

Rose’s Characterization of McCarthyism

rosiness has employ the actions and motives of the jurywo existences as a regularity of characterising and thusly criticising the cause of McCarthyism. A bonny drill of this is the third jurywoman. A intoxicating and aro utilize man, he makes accusations against co- locker jurywomans for non widening with his prime of bet Listen, you suffraged wrong, didnt you? What office be you on? a cipher look of the actions select by senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s. The tertiary jurywoman to a fault incorrectly accuses the fifth for ever-changing his vote to not- viciousnessy without each curtilage to put up his conclusion.This boost exemplifies the lead of reservation partial eachegations or exploitation cheating(prenominal) fact-finding techniques, in particular to leap baulk. He besides verbally attacks those jurywomans that he perceives as d bear the stairs him to however financing his own causality or enclose as wholesome as to reject eit her hitchs that ar reprobate to his own. The tenth jurywoman is withal utilize to take a hop some other human face of McCarthyism. He seems more or less algophobic of those polar to him and his li precise regarding those innate(p) in slums is an illustration of the paranoia that the commit of McCarthyism cigargont spread.It is overly ostensible that the tertiary and eighth jurywomans had or so decided the suspects guilt without each grapheme to march and were twain very slow to succumb that a sane motion existed. It is pretend that rose wine has utilize the some irrational and unheeding jurors to mark McCarthyism in rescript to denounce its coiffe and to search the dangers that akin(predicate) move playact forcets personify to ordering. cardinal raving mad men as an recital of the Ameri merchantman fantasy cardinal smouldering hands explores a matter ethos of the joined States the model that the probability for masteryfulness and mastery exists for every man disirrespective of fond company or chance of birth. This piece of ideals is outlined as the Ameri domiciliate imagine. locomote has apply the jurors of the shape to parade how the pattern of the Ameri female genitals inspiration smoke tempt the underpinning ideals that society operates upon. For instance, the eighth juror provides an counseling for the teaching of equivalence the spirit that all men are named partake regardless of ethnicity or course of study.This is present by his intellect towards the defendant in regards to his ambitious genteelness. The fifth juror hence provides an betative for the the Statesn envisage in action. He has been fit to create a lucky travel for himself in spite of world innate(p) in a slum. pink wine has utilise him to support the bring out that neighborly mobility can be achieved disdain a disadvantage upbringing finished a willingness to cast life-threatening. The tenth ju ror is wherefore used to represent those who begin to profane the set of equating that are explicitly rendered in spite of appearance the inhalation by continually distinguishing himself from them.The tertiary juror in addition exemplifies individual who has achieved stuff advantage (not needs infixed fulfilment) by means of a willingness to work exhausting and touch forwards. The consumerist gardening that has been facilitated by the American intake has also been represent by bloom in the abidance of the twelfth juror. machine-accessible to the tertiary and twelfth jurors is the vox populi that the steering of the day-dream has shifted to real will power earlier than personalised raise or contentment, that advantage is exactly outlined in price of m maveny.It is the unequivocal sorrow of the tertiary juror which enlarge that substantive ownership sure does not procure intrinsic fulfilment. The organized comment of apparently cheering facts by the eighth juror highlights a conversion from concrete to intangible. locomote has do this to prove that not everything is as definite as it archetypical seemed and in dig this can be use to the on the face of it retentive conception of the American Dream.The rife prejudices of legion(predicate) in the jury direction shows that hard work whitethorn not warranty success and loving course of action or hightail it can take aim an equal on individuals perceptions of others. This exemplifies the hopeless touch that the American wealthiness grammatical construction perpetuates long-standing racial and class inequalities infix in American society. This is in pipeline to the inflated view that a 1950s America presented a landmark for democratic societies. thence travel has pervert the ruling that obtaining wealth is requirement in achieving ones dreams.

Economic recession Essay

scotch ceding back is a stream of economic rule out it delegacy that thither is a dangle in the blood market, and an growth in unemployment al mavin as salutary as a defy in the caparison market. It excessively delegacy that in tourism, the residents of UK volition prep be to al hotshotow out permit to spend at fireside as the http//www. in directent. co. uk infers Grounded by the slighten judge of the thud and fears approximately the respite, remember add up of Britons impart take up to spend at interior(a) this summer. ascendant http//www. independent. co. uk/ intelligence agency/ worry/analysis-and-features/its-an-ill-wind-uk-tourism-finds-recession-is-so-bracing-1522542. hypertext mark-up language Addition e truly(prenominal)y, the research by construe Britain, the tourism authority, has sh own that 74 % of batch ar difficult to impose their vacation consumption, and atomic number 18 using up to a great extent term supply th eir trips to plus respect, a bungalow in Britain w here you abide effective express the gondola up and take some(prenominal) your own fodder suggests that youve got great control. stock-still step- level the pass spending is non the major(ip) problem, as on that point has been a unsound kind in put downs to Britain ex officio bodes feel break uped that the t onlyy of holidaymakers who confabulateed the UK from conflicting in 2009 suffered a 7% right on the previous(prenominal) grade to 29.57 million.The selective information from the mooring for subject Statistics (ONS) in addition showed that the repress of UK residents who do trips afield shutbaric 15% at belong category to 58. 53 million. bargonly shoot the breezeors to the UK worn out(p) very much than or slight ? 16. 48 gazillion, or 1% more(prenominal)(prenominal) than give way family than they did in 2008, a subscriber line to UK residents expenses term afield, w hich amounted to ? 31. 85 billion a 14% tholepin on figures from 2008. The recession too had an tint on the numeral of trips UK residents took afield brave stratum. The figure furious 16% to 38. 44 million, sequence backup trips were down 22% and chats to friends and relatives (VFR) everywheresea criminal 7%.By contrast, more foreigners visited the UK on holiday, with the rime lift 3% go year, although the boilersuit constitutional suffered with strain trips go 20%. The ONS withal preserve a resolve of 10% in the add of VFR trips to the UK at last year. Records in addition reveal that UK residents took 21% fewer trips to pairing the States last year and 15% fewer trips to Europe. spring http//www. statistics. gov. uk/hub/index. hypertext mark-up language root http//uk. reuters. com/ member/2009/07/16/us-britain-travel-idUKTRE56F3FX20090716 smell OF peachy AND work tight visitors that count to unite solid ground lead shed twinkle on expectati ons to the richlyest grad what they mustiness redeem for, and more or less of all they atomic number 18 hoping that the calibre of what they establish for is worth(predicate) their coin. The construct of respect for specie is closely related to to impairment plainly in addition involves sepa gradewise lumber criteria. The side of meat Tourism Councils has learn up admirer grade that let the visitors to be intercommunicate beforehand they view as adaption to realize eccentric and to tag levels of facilities and operate which as say-so guests they keister expect, so that it backside foster them to impact their call for and delay they ar not disappointed.The one evaluate gives an boilers suit assessment of graphic symbol including comfort, berth, facilities, and cleanliness, and thunder mug be apply by some(prenominal) domesticated and in plan of attack tourits. wholeness lead-in indicates that the rest home is unimpeachable overa ll of persona. at that invest is besides sufficient provision of furniture, furnishings, and fittings. Hotels that prolong solely one super sentiency atomic number 18 commonly small, and in camera owned. dinner party may not be offered. both corpus hotels atomic number 18 too usually small, and privately owned, including bushel hotels, and commercial message hotels. accommodation offers a honorable degree of space and convenience. Furnishings may be child worry entirely atomic number 18 well kept up(p) in all the bedrooms. breakfast is offered occasional to residents and their guests. dinner is unattached at least quintette nights per calendar week. three booster cable hotels indicates that it is a more titular call of hotel with a greater graze of facilities and go much(prenominal) as deform television, telephones, radios, desk etcetera in that respect are excessively everyday areas including lallygag seating, restaurants or bars.dinner party ordain be provided septette nights per week and light sharpness lunches are uncommitted in the bar or lounge, in concert with a spacious grade of drinks. Additionally, on that points similarly dry wash good available. quad star hotels infers that in that location is a talllife quality with operate to match, for example, there is a survival of the fittest of provide options all fling cuisine and attend of the highest internationalistic quality. in that respect is in like manner exceedingly trained, professional person provide providing special levels of anticipatory service. reference book http//www. britainexpress. com/oxford-hotels/star-ratings.htm re-sentencing grade The apprize of one specie against some other(prenominal) money is know as the foreign replacement rate. tack judge are an measurable instrument in find out patterns of holiday taking, as any burn up in the rank of the whip volition submit along outward tourism, part icularly if it involves the lede terminations countries. The value of the worst, or superlative, against another capital actuates the greet of coming here for incoming tourists. It piece of tail flummox-to doe with negatively if it is more pricy to visit UK, still excessively prat affect positively it is cut-rateer to visit UK.It is more seeming that the accumulation to tourist go away increase when superlative is low-cal, as they hold up out suffer more pounds for their money. Conversely, if superior is knockout, oversea visitors get less pounds in transpose for their money and are less probably to hope to issue forth here. In new-made age superlative has been very strong against the one dollar sign bill, or the dollar has been wakeful against greatest which amounts to the analogous thing. This has meant that it has been comparatively cheap for UK outward-bound tourists to visit the unify States and more dearly-won for the Statesns to suff ice to the UK.As VisitBritain. org have suggested that ascribable to the dollar universe weak against superior, America comprehend unify Kingdom, as an high-ticket(prenominal) place to visit the constitute of accommodation, transport, and intellectual nourishment has been highlighted by Americans as be in reality high priced. If the pas is horseback riding high against most other currencies, it allows the British to cipher for their holidays abroad with eccentric granting immunity of choice, because the UK holidaymakers get much more for their money.For example, the rate of telephone diversify with the Spanish peseta, the French franc, and the US dollar influences over 60 % of the holidays taken abroad by the British. The exchange rank depend on the specialisation or the helplessness of sterling besides they are to a fault stirred by the national potency of currencies in principal(prenominal) destination countries like France or Spain. At the outcome the s trenght of the pound sterling against other currencies looks as avocation root systemhttp//fx-rate.net/

TMA04_B200B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

TMA04_B200B - Essay ExampleWeber saw all large organisations as bureaucratic in character and the need to control and regulate work routines. Emile Durkheim was much less concerned with matters of work and organisation than Weber and Marx (Lincoln, 2004) but did write substantially on culture, which has an confirmatory significance for the study of organisations.Weber argued that organizations are means of coordinating human activities and what they produce in a systematic way, and emphasized the role of controlling nurture in developing organisations as well as written rules related to its functioning. In short, his concept of the bureaucratic organisation is characterised by a clear hierarchic structure, rules and regulations, division of labour and specialisation etc. In a bureaucracy, roles and relationships are clearly defined, and it is based on a legal- keen type of authority derived from the belief in the legitimacy of law (Nickinovich, 2000, p. 267). Also in a bureaucracy , offices are clearly specified and officials are appointed on the basis of a contract creation subject to a unified control and disciplinary system (Salaman reader, p. 98-99).Weber regarded bureaucracy as the most efficient way of running large organisations (Buchanan, 1997, p. 366) because of its rational basis, and likened them to sophisticated machines. He in any case associated it with precision, reliability and speed. It is the standardisation in terms of rules and procedures to govern employee behaviour and decisions taken according to set criteria, that gives bureaucracy its strength. This is because rules serve to form individual action in ways that promote the technical efficiency of the organisation (Nickinovich, 2000, p. 268).Contrary to Weber regarding bureaucracy as efficient, in practice it is also considered to be inefficient, so much so that the term bureaucracy now has some negative connotations as it did

Trus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trus - Essay ExampleThere is quite a conflict in de endpointining how trust comes into existence and how matchless may end up being confident about another person. For trust to exist, it is very important for devil or more parties to exist. Trust is an outcome of hard work, persistence and dedication. In order to trust come into existence one individual needs to be confident about another individual. An individual can only show confidence in another individual if previously an individual has performed certain actions. For simulation a student can only trust a teacher if the teacher has previously proved that whatever the teacher is teaching is actually real. This federal agency that an individual has to perform certain activities in order to ensure that others trust them.Trust is a very important element of society and has various functions. It is one of the most important elements of any relationship that is taking place between two or more individuals or parties. Trust is the k not that keeps people devoted with each other. Without trust relationships cannot take place and if trust is broken, relationships come to an end. Trust is a very important element in leadership. Leaders are those who exploit others to work in a certain direction and others only work in the direction provided by the leader if others trust them.Trust is used in various contexts and may have different meanings. But the trust that is referred to the confidence that individuals have in each other is the most common way the term trust is used in the society. Trust is a term used in the context of real estate in which an individual may transport his/her property to another individual on the basis of trust (Bellairs 99). Trust is used in the context of blind following that individuals have in the context of their religion and god.The most common definition of trust is the confidence that two individuals have in each other or one

Evolution of Music in Washington D.C Research Paper

Evolution of Music in Washington D.C - Research Paper ExampleEvolution of the emo musicThe devise EMO was first started in the 80s and was used to describe music which was being composed during depressing times. They target to console and bring closure to the audience, the listeners and the singer. The lyrics featured in this musical genre of music are often emotional and very expressive. The first band to play the genre of music was the sunny day real estate and ulterior on the scene was completely changed with the arrival of sound garden and nirvana. Initially, it was known as emotional hardcore or emocore music. Emo music often brings prohibited a distinctive relationship between artists and fans. It often describes the opposite aspects of fashion, the various behaviors of people in our societies and the various cultural practices among people (Troy & Cannato, 2009). The genre of music has as well been associated with such practices like promoting cutting and self mutilation . A good example is that in the album taking back Sunday, the cover on the atomic number 53 of the album consist of a song called cute without at E. There are different EMO bands and some of the most popular ones are the Panic At The Disco, Fall out Boy among others. These names were given to the albums because of the type of music in question and the general appearance of the music. EMO songs represents or talks about different depressing situations and involves themes like love, loneliness, fallacy amongst others. Such aspects clearly spell out the expressive nature of EMO.

Social Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Social Policy - Essay ExampleSpecifically, it was understood that preventive measures could improve the health of the populace. In addition, the Health for all campaign launched by the World Health Organization in the year 1981, had a deep influence on the thinking of European countries (Birt, Gunning-Schepers, Hayes, & Joyce, 1997 262). This was reflected in their public health policies.The National Health Service served to provide a uniform and integrated system of medical care to the denizens of the UK. Prior to the administration of this organisation, the health care system had been provided by the combined efforts of divers entities. Some of these providers of health care were voluntary and commercial organisations (Baggott, 1994 76).Moreover, the health care system entails hefty expenditure, and this was satisfied to some extent by the philanthropic organisations and the insurance companies. A major role was enacted, in this commendable effort, by the voluntary organisations, which were actively active in making community health services available. These organisations worked in tandem with the local authorities, especially in the areas of maternity, child welfare, aftercare, nursing at the district level, and genial and physical impairment (Baggott, 1994 76).The economic and societal security of the nation relates to the degree to which individuals or groups are provided with access to, permitted to utilise and the successful results obtained, with respect to a across-the-board range of resources. Some of these resources could connote healthcare, employment, education, housing and finance. These factors have a major bearing on the inequities that exist in healthcare (Ward, Redgrave, & Read, 2006 10).In addition, biological and environmental factors, nutrition and the standard of living contribute to health. Thus, health constitutes a function of welfare. It can be surmised that the issues that prove detrimental to health are in world-wide the provinc e of

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PORTFOLIO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PORTFOLIO - Essay ExampleNevertheless, a significant proportion of the individuals makes efforts and meets several personal and professional targets with the passage of time. However, in that respect appears to be very small proportion of the individuals which establishes glorious aims, related to personal, social and financial aspects, and hits the bulls eye within shortest span of time. Such persons atomic number 18 the leaders of their society, and the world looks at them with great admiration and envy, and feels pride in affiliating with them in one way or the other Socrates, Sophocles, Aristotle, Aquinas, Sir William Shakespeare, Karl Marx, Karl Jung, Robert Owen, Bill Gates and Sir Richard Branson are few names in the long list of the most successful persons, who altered the thoughts and structure of their society by dint of their exceptional talent, ironed will and smart as a whip accomplishments. Hence, devising of high aims and working day-in and day -out to achieve the same is the order of the day to earn respect, fame and pecuniary gains in this age of perfect competition. Many persons, Keller submits, have a wrong idea of what constitutes true happiness. It is not attained through self-gratification but through fidelity to a worthy purpose. (1903, p. 31) Like every gentleman being, I have also drawn the road map of personal and professional goals in life. The canvas of my aims is not confined to one specific line on the contrary, I have divided the same into educational, technical and occupational categories. I had received my primary and middle education from my native country. On dismissal my O levels examination from the native town, I dreamed of proceeding to the UK in order to seek higher education. Since I have been highly technical-minded since my childhood, I aimed to actualize something extraordinary in the field of computer sciences. Actually my loving parents wanted me to stay close to their eyes they resisted my plans of leaving the country initially. However, on finding me extremely ambitious to perform something in life, they supported me with their consent and hearties wishes regarding my plan to set out for the UK. The latest THE-QS World University Rankings show four UK universities in the top 10 of the worlds best. QS Top Universities finds out which universities they are. Cambridge, Oxford, Imperial and UCL - theyre the names of the UKs top universities according to the 2008 THE-QS World University Rankings. (Quoted in topuniversities.com) Since I am not that sort of person that changes his plans swiftly, I continuously ponder on various aspects of my ambitions, and they it appear to be practicable, I stick to them without displaying any wavering in this respect for the future years to come. Thus, on arriving in the UK, I got admission in A levels, which I passed two years after my stay in the UK. I knew it very well that I should not put extraordinary financial burden of my stu dies and daily expenditures on my parents. Consequently, I applied for job at B&A Repair Centre, London against the come out of trainee mechanic. My superiors paid due heed on me, and within six month of

The evolution of the oil and gas technology policy Research Paper

The evolution of the crude and muff engine room policy - query Paper ExampleCanada is one such country, which has an immense endowment of oil as well as natural bumble resources, and by extracting, refining and likewise transporting these resources, it is not only providing high number jobs to its citizens but also strongly contributing to its economy as well as trade balance.Although, these oil and gas deposits have naturally developed more than a billion years ago, it is due to the expertise as well as technology adoption of the Canadians, they atomic number 18 able to effectively extract it, process it, transport it and achieve success. From regaining the first deposits in 1850s to the current optimum expansion throughout Canada, oil and gas companies with the support of the government are carrying out extensive operations, both onshore as well as offshore. The support of the government is critical because with all the oil and gas resources belonging to the Federal governm ent, their laws and policies plays a key role in the tapping of these oil and gas resources, particularly in the usage of technology. With government policies and use of technology being interrelated, the focus will be on how the evolution of the Canadian oil and gas sector and the resultant formulation of policies have impacted and lock in impacting the evolution of the oil and gas technology policies as well.The Canadian crude oil and gas industry had its origins in 1850, when James Miller Williams, a drug peddler maker from Hamilton, Ontario, dug and drilled the first commercial oil wells in southwestern Ontario and established North Americas first integrated oil company. (Bott & Carson, 2012).The other key fuel of the petroleum era, natural gas, was first discovered in New Brunswick in 1859, with Eugene Coste, an entrepreneur, being the first Canadian to find and develop natural gas resources on a large scale, first in Ontario and later in Alberta. (Bott & Carson, 2012). From those humble beginnings, Canada has

The economic benefits and environmental problems of the Three Gorges Research Paper

The economic benefits and environmental problems of the Three Gorges Dam - Research Paper Example139).The first suggestion was given by Sun Yat-Sen, who was the president of China in 1919. It was a business vision that was aiming at improving the economy status of China. The river Yangtze was the potential water line of descent for the reservoir since it is 3937 miles with a volume discharge of water of 960 billion cubic meters in the Sea of East China. This river never dries, and it is consistent with the amount of water flowing in it because it gets its water from the ice that covers the mountain range in the South-west, Chongqing (Kammerer 5). More to the economic benefits, the project, was to be built to reduce flood that was occurring at least at one time in every decade, and its effects were devastating to the Chinese community.The dam was engineered and designed to have three parts ship bring up, ship locks, and the dam. The drive of the dam was to breed water thatwas us ed for hydroelectric harnessing and the ship lift and ship dock was for water vessels navigation to enhance trade to and from Shanghai (Trouw 16). The dam has a extremum of 600 feet and a width of 1.3 miles. These measurements were large enough to hold large volumes of water during the season when the ice melting realized a lot of water. The bigger the sizing the efficient it is to reduce water spillage to the land surfaces. It was fitted with twenty-six turbines that were rotated by the flowing water to generated electricity. These stations have the capacity to produce the indicant equal to eighteen power plants generating the energy from nuclear elements (Spilsbury 30).Five ship locks were constructed for large and heavy ship transportation and a ship lift to lift the small marine vessels over the dam wall of Three Gorges Dam. The construction caused migration of 1.3-1.9 million of people because of the changing water levels in the dam. The resettlement of people was to quit a safe margin of water

Whole Foods financial recommendation for the next 2 years Essay

Whole Foods financial recommendation for the next 2 years - Essay ExampleThe alliance still plans to go into new(prenominal) areas such as Australia, United Kingdom and the United States as well. Besides the expansion, Whole Foods also seems interested in introducing new private tail product lines. Thus for such an expansion and introduction of new product line, the company would need some capital/investment. There are two liberal ways in which the company can obtain additional capital in order to finance all its plans. Those two sources of finance are equity Finance This is a way through which Whole Foods Market can issue their shares within the market. Each share issues within the market would fetch the company some funds. The company would issue the number of shares that they might consider appropriate for the expansion plans. Equity finance is expensive to achieve because of its attached costs such as Advertisement costs, Brokerage costs and in some instance Underwriting c osts. The only attractiveness of Equity finance is that it is less risky than debt finance (the other source of finance) as the shareholders i.e. the owners would not have to be mandatorily paid their invested amount.Debt Finance Debt Finance can be acquired through Banks, private and other institutional investors. Debt finance is basically a give commitment that has to be paid as soon as it falls due. Although debt finance is cheaper than equity finance, it carries with itself a effect to repay the liability as soon as it falls due and it is because of this reason that debt finance is considered to be risky. The other issues that are related to debt finance are that the term of the loan would also be of the essence. Longer the period, higher would be the cost of debt i.e. the interest rate that would have to be paid on the loan commitment.Hence it can be argued that it depends upon a companys culture, philosophy and risk appetite as to how the expansion may be financed. Equity fi nance would lead to the dilution of shares, which

MARKETING PLAN REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MARKETING PLAN REPORT - Essay ExampleAccounts for a distri exclusivelyed market, for instance families, businesses etc.Center Parcs employs a wide range of promotionsThe brass instrument treats its staff as the most important asset and recognizes them by promoting training and former(a) initiatives that enhance their development (World Bank, 2006).WeaknessesThe organization can only accommodate well-off customersThere is a long lead time for future projects and/or developmentsThe organizations activities involve extensive use of natural landscape.Overreliance on weather despite the fact that the domes can provide heated water for swimming but not for all the guests in the villages.ThreatsComplete focus on business customers may deter families move development is a threat to the environmentCustomers dependence on economic issues, for instance, the exchange rate etc combative prices from foreign holidaysExistence of competitors such as Butlins.OpportunitiesAccommodating business custo mersLeasing out of all the facilities of the putting surface maximization of marketing opportunities via the use of the customers database (ITU 2007)Plenty of land for further development of more villagesBeing an organization in a market or rather scope that has high demand, Center Parcs has found itself competing with other organizations that volunteer alike products and services. The main holiday service providers competing with Centre Parcs UK are Pontins, Butlins and Haven (Center Parcs 2012). ... customers Leasing out of all the facilities of the park Maximization of marketing opportunities via the use of the customers database (ITU 2007) Plenty of land for further development of more villages Threats Complete focus on business customers may deter families Continued development is a threat to the environment Customers dependence on economic issues, for instance, the exchange rate etc Competitive prices from foreign holidays Existence of competitors such as Butlins. opponen t Analysis Being an organization in a market or rather field that has high demand, Center Parcs has found itself competing with other organizations that offer similar products and services. The main holiday service providers competing with Centre Parcs UK are Pontins, Butlins and Haven (Center Parcs 2012). Based on the target market which primarily consists of families with young children as well as empty nesters (parents with grown children who have left home), these organizations pose a competitive threat to Center Parcs. Most customers who visit live within a three-hour contract from the villages with a 60% repeat. A 60% chance of customers returning to the Center Parcs means that out of 10 at least 6 return (Center Parcs 2012). Butlins and Pontins offer stiff competition in this area since they offer similar services to those of Center Parcs but at a different level (World Information 2006). The Competitive Advantage The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix Product-market growt h v. Market share High little High Star Center Parcs should maintain its marketing investments so as to keep realizing the prevailing profits. Problem child this situation requires the organization to increase its marketing support in order to increase the market share. Low Cash cow this situation

MasterCard Risk Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MasterCard Risk Assessment - Essay ExampleBRAM (Business Risk Assessment and Mitigation) program addresses tout ensemble the illegal and damaging activities that are affiliated to the use of MasterCard. The program offers and delivers appropriate compliance standards required for safeguarding the use of the companys services. Risk management unremarkably promotes cost cutting in terms of insurance costs and operational costs that any financial organization often deals with when it comes to identifying and curbing fraud indoors the MasterCard financial systems (King, 2001).The BRAM (Business Risk Assessment and Mitigation) program was developed by the MasterCard Company in order to minimize the industry and economic risk that comes with the use of MasterCard mark and affiliated cards. One of the economic risks posed on the system include the dismissal of clients who are not satisfied with the system operation, which subsequently leads to revenue loss for the firm. Addressing end user reliability of the MasterCard system is a vital objective for the MasterCard Company. System reliability can be achieved via ensuring there is constant testing and regular monitoring of the network system.The program warrants compliance through mandating and encouraging access control measures for the network system. Implementing and maintaining a strong security policy aids in protecting the clients information by boosting data security through the management of network systems utilized by the company and safeguarding then from unauthorized access (Gibson, 2004). Addition onlyy, the commemorate policies should limit any form of compromise that would arise even within the company itself, for example, selling of insider information.The payment card industry has common industrial risks for all the companies that deal in payment systems using cards, that is, ensuring constant information security and availability of services or resources to subscribes at all times and places. Th e BRAM

The need for divorce reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The need for dissociate reform - Essay ExampleIn 1966, the Law Commission undertook a study and noned that 40% of dickhead births occurred in stable families, a factor that mooted reform in the divorce laws. There is a need to evaluate social evidence in making the estimation about the need for reform and the kinds of reform that will be appropriate. Proposals for reform in the divorce process were mooted by Government4 in a hide that examined the viability of mediation as an option in handling divorce costs in view of rising costs that were accruing to contestants in a divorce. As a result of the need for reform that was identified in this report, the Family Law Act of 1996 was passed by Parliament in 1996, whereby divorce is granted on the basis of an irretrievable breakdown of a marriage. While this law introduces many useful amendments, the problem is that some of the provisions are still not operational and may not be brought into effect.Some of the major grounds that permit divorce are (a) adultery (b) unreasonable behavior (c) separation (d) two years separation with assent (e) five years separation without consent. The major causes of divorce are adultery and unreasonable behavior, reflecting the changing social mores that have created single parent families, step parents, comparable sex parents and extended family units. In view of the issues that rise in a divorce settlement, including high costs and the need to reduce acrimony in the divorce for the welfare of the children that may be involved in the divorce process, arbitration may emerge as a viable process.

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 114

Discussion - Essay ExampleOne example is of CCIs initiative in scholarship program in Tennessee (Bowman and Kearney, 322). So the both theoriesdo not explain the politics in Tennessee.Ans Taking is a government action when it assumes ownership of someones property on the area of public purpose. Here the definition of public purpose is important. If the government is taking away the land for building up social goods like labor intensive industries, utility places like libraries, schools, colleges etc., then I think taking is reasonable as this activities lead to employment generation and creates welfare (Bowman and Kearney, 307).Ans Dillons natural law states that local governments exercise only those powers which are granted by state government. State government has more power than local government but the tendency has been shifting towards increased state support and empowerment of localities. Localities have powers to restructure themselves, impose new taxes etc, State governmen t dominates decision making for localities by regulation their finance, by setting qualification criteria for local employees, by meetings and mandating financial disclosure etc (Bowman and Kearney, 325-326).Ans Yes sprawl should be regulated because it leads to rapid land consumption and sound dependence on development. It is resource intensive and costly. Cost of providing services like public education rises manifold times for the government. To check sprawl impact tippytoe can be levied on new development like houses and the city should have proper authority to levy the fee. This allow for offset some be for providing public service. Greenbelts should be established as it will limit the area for development (Bowman and Kearney, 333).Ans Yes I would support city county consolidation as it will help in tackling stubborn policy program like pollution control in two cities which now becomes a collective problem after consolidation. Again economies of scale will

Entrepreneurship and Small business ( MARKETING) Essay

Entrepreneurship and Small business ( MARKETING) - Essay ExampleThis marketing environment can work to the favor of the firm as well as become a real nuisance, more so when the economy is not that encouraging boosting trade ties between stakeholders, disparate organizations and so on and so forth. The corporate strategy plays a significant role at building a bridge between the companys inner policies and the undertakings it has with the various stakeholders, who could be from the external marketing settings. (Korzeniowski, 2001)One should believe a minor business is mostly at the mercy of the person who is responsible for(p) for running it. This small business is usually short of any expectations that the business fraternity might imbibe of the same. The owner is the sole person who is responsible for sustenance the business regime and thus has a major stake within the running stakes. A small business is dependent on all the actions taken by the person in-charge and without hi s sound input this business would not see success touching its feet. The small business requires strict vigilance on a proactive basis. This vigilance must come from the owner himself since he is the one who will eventually face the brunt of the actions that he undertakes. (Bridge, ONeill & Cromie, 2003) Also he must remain open to ideas from the people with whom he is conducting business as well as avoid litigation measures in order to exponentially increase on his returns and cutting down on his losses. Being vigilant would actually help him to shape up his troops in the times to come and he would have a better idea of running the business within the due course of time.Funds are essential for the sound running of any small business. If the owner does not have sound funding mechanisms in place, he will face a tough time when there is economic fadeout or when he has to pay the salaries to his employed staff. A small business cannot afford lapse

The Continuum from Legitimacy to Fraud Research Paper - 1

The Continuum from Legitimacy to Fraud - Research Paper Examplethough there are extensive account statement rules and policies to control and monitor the books of accounts or financial statements, yet some amount of flexibility or freedom is allowed. In accounting, freedom of choice is necessary to increase the efficiency of the accounting procedures However if companies want to use such modeologies for manipulating or inflating their earnings, then they kindle do so using creative accounting methods (Loughrey, 2011, p. 225). Earning management is a critical part of financial accounting because it provides information to the users of financial statements for interpreting and deriving conclusion close the performance of the smart set. Creative accounting formulas are such malpractices in accounting which may be legal and in accordance with the existing standards but may not be in line with the true spirits of the rules laid down under accounting standards. In other words, when financial statements are watchful by the relevant managers of a company that is inconsistent with the purpose or intention of the existing accounting standards, then it is said to be a practice of creative accounting. ... counting one can use their discretion to choose their own preferred way of recording sales or turnover of the company, the method of depreciation to be used by the company, the method of valuation of inventory, etc. This type of flexibility helps the managers of a company to represent the true and fair prognosis of the companys affairs and its earnings in the financial statements. Account Management Accounting policies can be utilized by the managers of a company to accomplish the objectives of the management of the company and may not fulfil the essential requirements of the users. It can thus be used as a tool that can be managed and not as a means to provide true and fair view of the company. Interests of Managers In theory, accounting information should provi de relevant information to the users which can be used by them for various decision making process. Whereas in practice, earning management is more for the interest of managers rather than for the benefit of its users. Brief lit Review Earnings management is a term which acts as a substitute for creative accounting. Trying to manipulate the earnings which are reported by the managers of a company, by taking help of some specific accounting process, is termed as earnings management. The company does so to influence its earnings in a short-term horizon (Coenen, 2009). Earnings management makes use of accrual accounting. However, the main issue regarding this is that it becomes very difficult to differentiate between regular accrual accounting and earnings management (Larcker, & Tayan, 2011, p. 164). Now since management has discretion in earnings management, it can lead to fraudulent activities like wrong representation of data in the financial statements.

Financial Planning and Forecasting Essay Example for Free

Financial Planning and Forecasting EssayWe have also provided comprehensive documentation on the templates so that you do not need to guess or figure out how we implemented the models. All our template models are only in black and white color. We conceptualize this is how a professional fiscal template should look like and also that this is the easiest way for you to understand and use the templates. All the input fields are marked with the * symbol for you to identify them easily. Whether you are a financial analyst, investment banker or accounting personnel. Or whether you are a student aspiring to join the finance world or an entrepreneur needing to understand finance, we hope that you will find this package useful as we have spent our best effort and a lot of time in developing them. ConnectCode Pg iii Financial Planning and Forecasting Version 1. 0 1. 1. 1 Financial Planning and Forecasting pro Forma Financial Statements Financial statements projections and forecasting ar e very common in corporate financial analysis. The reason is that it is very useful and important to forecast how much(prenominal) financing a company will require in emerging years.The projections are achieved by using historical sales, accounting data and assumptions on future sales and costs. These financial statements projections are known financial modeling as Pro Forma financial statements. 1. 2 Financial Statements Modeling This spreadsheet provides a template for financial statements forecasting. It requires simple financial statements inputs from the past 5 years and will automatically generate all the necessary Pro Forma Financial Statements projections outputs. The following diagram illustrates the abut of using this template for financial statements forecasting.

Brain Structures and Functions Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Brain Structures and Functions Worksheet EssayProvide a brief description for each of the following functions1. Basal gangliaThe basal ganglia is set forth of the corpus striatum and is in the cerebral hemispheres. It is made up of the substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleas and controls cognition, movement coordination and voluntary movement. 2. Corpus collosumThe corpus collosum is made up of nerve fibers and separates the cerebrum into a right hemisphere and a left hemisphere. This part of the brain connects the right and left sides and also controls the communication amongst the two sides. It controls eye movement, tactile localization and keeps a balance between arousal and attention. 3. Temporal lobeThe temporal lobe is part of the cerebral cortex. It controls how we perceive and understand sounds as healthy as our memory, speech and our emotional responses. 4. Occipital lobeThe occipital lobe is part of the cerebral cortex. It controls how we perceive what we see and how we recognize colors. 5. Frontal lobeThe frontal lobe is part of the cerebral cortex. Its the part of the brain that we use for problem-solving, decision-making, and planning. 6. CerebrumThe cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and its the most developed area in the brain. This part of the brain controls body functions, which includes muscle movement, sensory impulses and touch sensation. The cerebrum also controls organization, planning, intelligence level, personality as well as the way we think, border and understand language. 7. Spinal cordThe spinal cord is made up of nerve fibers and runs from the brain to the spine. The spinal cord sends the signals that go to and from the brain and the rest of the body. 8. CerebellumThe cerebellum is made up of both white matter and of thin gray matter that is folded and layered on the outside of the cerebellum. It includes neurons that we use to process data and controls our coordination, balance, and equilibrium. 9. MedullaThe m edulla is part of the hindbrain. Its functions are that it controls the functions of our nervous system such as digestion, breathing, sneezing and swallowing. The medulla also sends the nerve signals between the spinal cord and the brain. 10. PonsThe pons is the part of the hindbrain that connects the cerebral cortex and the medulla oblongata. This is the part of the brain that controls arousal, sleep, and our nervous system functions. It also sends the sensory signals to and from the cerebellum and cerebrum. 11. genus HippocampusThe hippocampus is part of the limbic system. It is shaped like a horseshoe and controls our navigation and our body orientation, our emotional responses and how we process new memories. It is also where our memories are stored. 12. amygdaloid nucleusThe Amygdala is a composed of nuclei and is located in the temporal lobe. The amygdala controls memory, arousal, emotional responses, hormonal secretions, and how our nervous system responds to fear. 13. Pitui tary secretorThe pituitary gland is divided into three sections a posterior lobe, an intermediate lobe, and an anterior lobe. The pituitary gland produces growth hormones. It regulates endocrine function and hormone production and stores the hormones made by the hypothalamus. 14. HypothalamusThe hypothalamus is part of the limbic system. It controls our autonomic, endocrine and motor functions. It also controls homeostasis, regulates our intake of food and water and regulates our sleep-wake cycle.15. ThalamusThe thalamus is located underneath the cerebral cortex. The thalamus controlsour motor movements and our sleep and wake states. It also sends sensory signals to the cerebral cortex and receives all of the visual, somatosensory, and auditory sensory signals.

Health Risks of Energy Drink Essay Example for Free

Health Risks of Energy Drink EssayIntroduction People want immediate results in the middle of the busy day, after exercise, or any other activity which requires them to recharge themselves. So, instead of focusing on key natural ways such as sleep habits, improving diets we employ to go for certain zipper drinks available in the market without knowing the pros and cons of these drinks colligate to our health. Recent researches on the consumption of faculty drinks have proved that the ebullient use of these types of drinks can cause severe health risk including increase in systolic pressure, insomnia, and various other discussed later in the paper. It is the common phenomena that efficiency drink used to rebuild the muscularity lost during the exercise, which is not right. Similarly, it does not help burn calories, neither it speed ups the metabolism nor it provides long lasting energy to our body. Energy drinks are the fastest growing beverages market (Bornstein, 2011). Y outh is reportedly consumers more energy drinks than other demographic variable. There are various energy drinks available in the market targeting the same type of crowd with different slogan and appeals. Some have focused on athletes, some on teenagers and students etc.Excessive caffeine can cause various health problems such as insomnia, jitters, nervousness, gastrointestinal problems, and heart palpitations. Background Statement We see various TV ads focusing on red bull, 5-hour ENERGY, monster etc so are these drinks shelved at the supermarkets. However, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and UK drug inspecting agencies has reported severe health colligate issues on the consumption of energy drinks. The sales of energy drinks in UK and other parts of the world is increasing so are the concerns after the researches made on this particular subject.Hence, the need is to review the myth surrounding energy drinks consumption. What are energy drinks? According to UK soft drink rep ort (2012), soft drinks are traditionalistic glucose based energy drinks functional or stimulation energy drinks which claim a particular energy boost from caffeine, Guarani, turbine and ginseng or other herbs or some combination of these ingredients. The ingredients used in these energy drinks act as a stimulant to the central nervous system of our brain. These include caffeine or Guarani and vitamins etc. Health Risk There are various serious health risks associated with the consumption of energy drinks.Some of these health risks are discussed in this section. inebriation energy drinks in moderation is not necessarily harmful. Excessive consumption of energy drinks containing caffeine, however, can result in the same health effects related to consuming too much caffeine, such as insomnia, jitters, nervousness, gastrointestinal problems, and heart palpitations. Like sodas, the amount of sugar and empty calories (calories that do not contain nutrients) in energy drinks contribute to poor dietary health when consumed regularly. Hence, the affects of these drinks are short term as well long term.These affects are categorized below unretentive term affects Hurts performance Increased heart rate Abnormal heart rhythm and other problems Crabby Trouble Concentrating Negative interactions with medications Increased Blood jam Long term affects Caffeine Addiction Liver Failure Sleep Apnea Kidney Failure Cardiovascular Disease So, it is better to be aware of these health issues and do not use more than 100mg/day of the caffeine as per health official recommendation. Conclusion After reviewing the ingredients, myths, and other factors surrounding the energy drinks it can be concluded that excessive use of caffeine i.e. by consuming more energy drink will certainly lead us to the several health risks which might be short term as well as long term.So, the need for the people is to get educate themselves, so is the responsibility of the energy drink manufact urers to warn the customers of the potential health hazards associated with the particular drink. References Roy-Bornstein, C. (2011). Just Say No to Energy Drinks. Pediatrics For Parents, 27(7/8), 11. UK soft drink report (2012) Available at http//www. britishsoftdrinks. com/PDF/UK%20soft%20drinks%20report%202012. pdf.

Neoliberal Policies on Media Regulation

Neoliberal Policies on Media RegulationAmirah ShafieNeoliberal policies vs Governmental regulations and policiesCultural industries be involved in the production and dissemination of products that gitister influence our perceptiveness and knowledge of the world (Hesmondhalgh, 2013). Because of its influential nature, the question of who should own and regulate the industries and commodities produced has been a highly contested topic. Proponents of Neoliberal policies argued that common ownership and regulation of ethnic industries are inefficient and earmark insufficient choice and perspectives for viewers. Thus, they postulate the best way to increase this choice was to provide much commercial (private) channels coupled with the kibosh or lessening of government activityal regulation. On the another(prenominal) hand, the ideological imperatives of a commercially driven media system drive huge concerns on the quality of cultural commodities that will be produced, resulting in support for cultural industries to remain public with strong political regulations so that public interests will be protected. Through analysing Murdochs ball-shaped media empire, this paper locks the public interest stance and argues that Neoliberal policies, while seemingly progressive and adopted to liberate production, distribution and consumption of cultural commodities, ironically legitimises the decreasing media diversity and low quality tidings content. There must, therefore, be appropriate amount of government intervention when it comes to controlling the cultural industries.From the 1970s onwards, liberal supporters argued the economic downturn of that period was a consequence of public ownership and governmental regulations. The basis of the neoliberal approach to culture is the idea that free, unregulated emulation will produce efficient markets and producing such markets should be the main goal of public policy (Hesmondhalgh, 2013). As a result, the 80s onward s witnessed major historical changes in the policy landscape. Hesmondhalgh terms these policy changes as marketization, which refers to the permeation of market exchange as a social principle. These changes include having broadcasting institutions privatised or open to terrestrial, commercial broadcaster, cable and satellite providers. Controls on content such as amount of advertising, laws and regulations on media ownership were also eradicated or greatly lightened. On the orbiculate scale, the impetus for neoliberal marketization peaked in the 1997 WTO agreement (Jin, 2005). Under the agreement, many states made market access commitments which decreased or removed restrictions on hostile ownership and licensing in communications. It has been argued that marketization would allow companies to compete with one another and by doing so, will produce quality products more efficiently in gild to bilk the most auditory modality. This would also mean that audience could get differe nt and better types of information at a cheaper and more accessible way. No doubt, the marketization of cultural industries has allowed global audience to access news show from different channels apart than the ones offered locally.However, if we were to take a closer look, most of these channels are actually produced by a few large conglomerates, namely Rupert Murdochs password bay window, Viacom, Bertelsmann, Warners, Sony, AT T, and Disney. Rather than increasing diversity globally, marketization of cultural industries have ignited a surge of mergers acquisitions because giant communication firms consistently moves aggressively into deregulated domestic communications markets around the world. This means that marketization resulting from neoliberal policies has allowed for the ducking of ownership among a few mega-media giants and the world actually gets exposed to news produced from these same media giants, weakening the neoliberal stance that competition produces diverse c hoices. Once of these media giants include wises Corp.The growth of Rupert Murdochs News Corp commenced in Australia when he started buying newspaper companies in which he now owns two-thirds of the nations newspaper production. With the relaxing of regulations, News Corp further expanded into Britain to include some(prenominal) newspapers and television stations, thus further dominating much of the content in that area. By the 1990s, News Corp became the biggest press publisher in Britain. News Corp also partly gained controlled over a pioneer satellite television system BSKYB, which is the television source for most British homes. Next, Murdoch expanded the reach of his News Corporation in the United States by buying over 20th Century Fox which include Fox News, Fox Sports, and FX. He then purchased the New York Post and Fox 5 in New York. Then in 2003, the News Corporation was allowed to buy Direct TV, the largest television satellite service in the United States. Murdoch also bought satellite television networks in Asia and Latin America. worldwidely, Murdoch satellite systems are estimated to reach more than three hundred million homes. With Fox goggle box and 20th Century Fox providing content, this satellite system, which is consistently moving toward conquering the global market, signals an expanding global vertical integration (Broe, 2004). This desire for total control prompts more concentration by the other media conglomerates to contest News Corps control, as seen by Comcasts attempts to take over entertainment provider Disney in 2004 and magazine Warner in 2014.This conglomeration of companies like Murdochs News Corporation is worrying as it has the power to influence the diversity of global news content. Simply take a look at how News Corporations company in India, Star News, is run. Star News has no permanent foreign correspondents of its own, steady in neighbouring countries, as there seem to be no economic or corporate sense to invest in running foreign bureaux or lease time on costly satellite networks for live transmission of news stories. Therefore, Star News uses footage provided by News Corporations other international news networks such as Fox Channel from News York and Sky News from London. It is not alarming, then, that Fox opinions and take to news is apparent in India, as evidenced during the Iraq invasion in 2003, when Star News simply repeated, often word-for-word in Hindi, the Pentagon line on Operation Iraqi emancipation (Thussu, 2007). Here, we can see that by relegating cultural industries such as news companies to the rigours of the market has allowed conglomerates such as News Corp to control news production all over the world and disseminate their ideology (in this case Pentagon support for Operation Iraqi Freedom) easily, affecting the diversity of global news content. tonicity of news is also affected with the marketization of cultural industries. Privatising and commercialising news companies means that these companies are now responsible to shareholders. In order to make sure that news generated would provide profits to the channel, Murdochs News Corp has been regularly sensationalising its news as they vie for attention. Murdochs early statement that newspapers were meant to entertain not educate has served as a template for much of News Corp contents. This style of exaggerated story filled with invented quotes the rewriting of laconic news-service copy into lavish sensationalized the eye-shattering, usually ungrammatical, irrelevant and gratuitously blood-curdling headline yarns (Leper Rapes Virgin, Gives Birth To Monster Baby) has been used in many of its news coverage (Broe, 2004). Murdochs News Corporation has established what is labelled as the four-spot S model of journalism scare headlines, sex, scandal, and sensation in order to secure commercial success in almost all of its major acquisitioned properties (Arsenault Castells, 2008). such strategies in incorp orating aspects of new sensationalism have replaced the original value of tendencyive news reporting. Critics have also emphasized that the gimmickry, opinion and comments such as the ones on Fox News is detrimental to long-established journalistic principles to objectively inform citizens about the world (Cushin Lewis, 2009). In this case, the commercial and ideological aims of News Corp, that is to gain greater audience share and present a partial view of the world does not promote a public service ethos focusing on audience savvy and participatory participation. Evidently, market forces do not guarantee that the media companies will serve their non-economic roles as ethical institutions of the democratic public sphere and this has taken a bell shape on the quality and diversity of democratic media due to the dangerous concentrations of media power.Hence, it is important that there continues to be news industries that are publicly owned in order to balance the commercial impe ratives of private industries. There also needs to be stronger regulations that can control the size of these media conglomerates so as to ensure that they do not abuse their power in influencing the diversity of news contents as well as the quality of news produced. For example, in 2005, News Corporations subsidiary company, News of the World was caught for phone hacking of several high profile celebrities and Britains royal family members, causing a huge political and public fury. The government had to intervene for the protection of individuals privacy and ethical reporting of news. Due to this hacking scandal, News Corp. was forced withdraw its bid for full take-over of the British satellite broadcaster BSkyB, as Prime Minister Cameron announced a wide-ranging public inquiry into the British media (Wintour, Sabbagh Watt, 2011). Here, we can see the importance in governmental intervention in ensuring that this media company does not abuse its power. We also see the extent to whi ch the market forces of competition can push companies to go beyond the boundaries to beat their competitors to get the juiciest information. As quoted by Raboy on media and communications regulation, as media are paramount social institutions, public intervention with respect to their orientation is both legitimate and necessary (Lunt Livingstone, 2012).Those who object government regulations would rather choose neoliberal policies in the name of democratic freedom. What they fail to see is that freedom should also come in the form of public interest and government regulations can protect these freedom that democracy so seriously advocate. There is also nothing democratic and free when it comes to having big conglomerates who can control easily global production and dissemination of news content. McChesney (2000) was adamant about the fundamental incompatibility of democracy with patterns of consolidated media ownership. In response to Murdochs power in the media industry, McChesn ey (2000) said, there is no human, no single firm, no single entity that should have this sort of power. Thats just a core democratic value and principle.Certainly, having full governmental regulation on media companies would also be unnecessary and dangerous. I am not proposing that there should be full governmental control with no privatisation of media companies. What I am proposing is that private and public media companies need to be present in any country so that both these entities can act as watchdogs. However, the government needs to be strong enough to be able to develop social and cultural policies that can encourage bonny deliberation and engagement through intergovernmental, regional and global cooperation (Lunt Livingstone, 2012). These policies should focus on positive as well as negative freedoms, whereby the role of governments is not completely to protect citizens but also to ensure conditions for a civic culture together with diverse and quality engagement. Wit hout a much robust attitude towards media concentration and the chase for meaningful diversity and quality, current public interest considerations are unlikely to be protected against aggressive marketization. Protecting the public interest requires both a more determined stance on media concentration and a more imaginative approach to securing media diversity, one that is based not simply on economic benefits but on the advantages of stimulating mindful debate and critical perspectives.ReferencesCushion, S., Lewis, J. (2009). Towards a Foxification of 24-hour news channels in Britain?Journalism,10(2), 131-153. Retrieved March 31, 2015, from http//jou.sagepub.com/content/10/2/131.abstractWintour, P., Sabbagh, D., Wat, N. (2011, July 14). Rupert Murdoch gives up BSkyB takeover bid.The Guardian. Retrieved March 30, 2015, from http//www.theguardian.com/media/2011/jul/13/rupert-murdoch-gives-up-bskyb-bidMcChesney, R. (2000). The political economy of communication and the future of the field.Media, socialisation Society,22(1), 109-116. Retrieved March 29, 2015, from http//mcs.sagepub.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/content/22/1/109.refsBroe, D. (2004). Fox and Its Friends Global Commodification and the New Cold War.Society for Cinema Media Studies,43(4), 97-102. Retrieved March 20, 2015, from http//www.jstor.org/stable/3661159Lunt, P., Livingstone, S. (2012). Media regulation Governance and the interests of citizens and consumers. London SAGE Publications Ltd. doi http//dx.doi.org.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/10.4135/9781446250884Jin, D. (2008). Neoliberal restructuring of the global communication system Mergers and acquisitions.Media, Culture Society,30(3), 357-373. Retrieved March 20, 2015, from http//mcs.sagepub.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/content/30/3/357Arsenault, A., Castells, M. (2008). Politics A Sociological Analysis Switching Power Rupert Murdoch and the Global Business of Media.International Sociology,23, 488-513. Retrieved May 20, 2015, from http//annenberg.usc.e du/Faculty/ parley and Journalism//media/InternationalSociology.ashxThussu, D. (2007). The Murdochization of news? The case of Star TV in India.Media, Culture Society,29(4), 593-611.

Land Resources Land As A Resource Environmental Sciences Essay

impose Resources Land As A Resource Environmental Sciences EssayLand or demesne is integrity of the rude(a) bases for forgiving life and social development. Soils atomic number 18 defined and characterized on the foot of their morphological profiles because the assemblage of obvious somatic features represented by these units be often related to the less obvious features of their chemical composition, chemical properties, and fertility.Men have tilled the primer and irrigated and drained it for at least six millennia. This is basic to civilization. Systematic scientific study of agriculture began in the commencement half of the nineteenth century, along with physical studies of the taint. In its natural state, the modify is normally a three-component porous medium consisting of solid soil corpuscles, water, and air. Much of the water involved in the hydrologic cycle is located in soil amongst the time of its arrival as rain at the soil surface and that of its return to the atmosphere. The processes of water movement in soil play a central part in the scientific study of the terrestrial sector of the hydrologic cycle and in the problems of dry- worldly concern and irrigated agriculture, of plant ecology, and of soil biology. These designate the transport of materials in closure much(prenominal)(prenominal) as natural salts, fertilizers, and urban and industrial wastes by means of the soil. Properties such as percolation, drainage, and retention of water in the soil tiers chicken oution of water by plant roots and the evaporation of water from the soil atomic number 18 besides important.The solid phase of the soil has mineral and constitutional matter, which is commonly highly colloidal, seldom exceeds 5-10% by weight of soil. In an agricultural context, the main interest in soil structure is in terms of soil tilth, which is related to the ability of aggregates to hold in their integrity when the soil is irrigated, tilled, or opposi tewise worked so that water retention and drainage and aeration are kept at favorable levels.As soil is a complex mixture of mevery components there is usually little value in deter dig the amount of a chemical element present without each indication of the fraction of the soil in which it occurs and its act upon of combination. Indeed, fractions that comprise only a small proportion of the total soil mass are often very important in determining its behavior. The interest is a convenient classification of soil fractionsThe Organic Fraction,The Mineral Fraction,Soluble in water childlike inorganic ions,Soluble in dilute acids Carbonates,Insoluble in dilute acids.Primary minerals mainly occur in back and silt fractions turnary minerals usually occur in the clay fraction (Organic FractionOrganic materials are added to soils as dead plant and animal remains. They are decomposed by the microflora and microfauna to form hommos, an amorphous material distinct from undecomposed litte r. Well-humified organic matter contains astir(predicate) 58 % carbon, so the amount of the soil organic fraction is usually undertake by determining the organic carbon content and multiplying it by 1.73. Organic contents range from zero in some mineral subsoils, through 1 to 10 % in arable topsoils, to nearly 100% (of the dry weight) in some peat and muck soils. The amounts in surface soils depend on the balance between accumulation and decomposition, and these processes in turn are influenced by temperature and moisture content.Apart from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the organic fraction contains nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. The proportions of these elements are often expressed as ratios compared to nitrogen interpreted as 10, and typical values are CN = 80-15010, SN = 1.2-1.510, and PN = 0.2-3.010. Metals such as aluminum, iron, manganese, and copper are also found in small amounts in humic complexes.The organic compounds in humus are very different. The main portion appe ars to consist of polymers, some of which are formed by random condensation of phenols, amino acids, and other related microbial degradation products. A large number of compounds have been isolated from humus extracts, save many of these must be artifacts. Of particular interest, apart from the polyphenols, are amino acids (implying that humus contains protein), sugars (indicating carbohyd range fractions), and amino sugars. The sulfur seems to be part of the main humus fraction, probably as sulfur-containing amino acids and organic sulphates. In some soils, much of the organic phosphorus is present as inositol polyphosphates, which appear non to be an integral part of the humus.Water-soluble ComponentsThe soluble-salt content of most soils is low so that the soil issue typically contains between 5 and 25 mmol/L of atomic number 20 and magnesium salts, mainly as nitrate. In saline soils, however, the salt content is of the order of 100 mmol/L, and although still less than 1% of the soil mass, the soluble salts overleap the behavior of the soil and include also sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and sulphate (SO4) ions.The salt content is normally determined in a saturation extract prepared by wetting the soil until it is just saturated with water and filtering off the extract under reduced pressure. The filtrate whitethorn be squirtvas chemically, but a speedy indication of the degree of salinity is attached by measuring its electrical conduction. Conductivity values above 4 milliSiemens (mS) demonstrate that crop outturn may be reduced by salt damage, while above 20 mS only salt-tolerant species can survive. The approximate conductivity at 25C of a 100 mmol/L solution referred to above is 8-10 mS.The reaction of soil is one of its most important diagnostic parameters. It is given by a pH measurement on the saturation extract or on a suspension of soil in water or in a dilute electrolyte solution. Strongly acid soils may have pH val ues d accept to 3.5, and strongly alkaline soils as high as 9.5, but more typical pH values of soils range from 5 to 8.CarbonatesIn soils formed from limestone rocks or other carbonate-containing sediments, carbonates occur mainly as calcite (CaCO3) but sometimes also as dolomite (Ca, Mg)CO3. They are important in the buffer system that controls the pH and cation balance of soil, and also for their reactions with anions, particularly phosphate. In their reactions with anions, the particle size and surface area of the soil carbonates are more important than the amount.Amounts of soil carbonate are estimated from the carbon dioxide evolved when the soil is treated with dilute acid, the results world expressed as a percentage by weight of the soil. In a leaching environment, soil carbonate is gradually removed by solution in carbonated water CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 = Ca(HCO3)2 so that topsoils contain less carbonate than subsoils or the parent material. The leached carbonate may be punishi ng by chemical precipitation at depth in the soil profile.Primary MineralsSoil analysis includes the separation and determination of spinal column, silt, and clay fractions by sieving and sedimentation. The mineral matter of soils is directly inherited from the parent material, although its composition is usually different depending on the age of the soil and the resistance of minerals to weathering. The minerals in the sand and silt fractions are mainly watch glass and feldspars, plus a host of accessory minerals. Only the most resistant primary minerals remain in advanced stages of soil development, i.e., quartz (SiO2) as the major component, with smaller amounts of heavy metal oxides such as hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), and rutile (TiO2).Secondary MineralsThe clay-sized (Land DegradationLand degradation qualification the kill unsuimesa for habitat construction and agriculture has become a major problem in recent times. This has threatened the world food production as soil quality degradation results in severe reduction in crop yield. It is estimated that 15 percent of the worlds total vote down area has not maintained its quality collectable to a number of problems that include eating away, nutrient decline, salinization and physical compaction. The countries which are mainly dependent on agriculture as a national resource suffer more from the effects of field degradation.Some of the major soil degradation processes and the causes for them are given below.Loss of topsoil by erosion/surface wash. This results in a decrease in depth of the topsoil layer due to more or less uniform removal of soil material by run-off water. The possible causes are inappropriate land management especially in agriculture (insufficient soil cover, unobstructed die hard of run-off water, deteriorating soil structure) antedateing to excessive surface run-off and sediment transport.Terrain deformation is an irregular displacement of soil material (by linear erosion or mass movement) causing understandably visible scars in the terrain. The possible causes are inappropriate land management in agriculture forestry or construction activities, allowing excessive amounts of run-off water to concentrate and flow unobstructed.Fertility decline and reduced organic matter content resulting in a net decrease of available nutrients and organic matter in the soil. This is possible to be due to imbalance between output (through harvesting, burning, leaching, etc.) and input (through manure/fertilizers, returned crop residues, flooding) of nutrients and organic matter.Soil contamination indicates the presence of an alien substance in the soil without significant negative effects and soil pollution signifies soil degradation as a consequence of location, concentration and adverse biological or toxic effects of a substance. The source of pollution may be waste dumps, spills, factory wasted, etc. The source can also be dawn or airborne (atmospheric depositio n of acidifying compounds and/or heavy metals.Eutrophication with the presence of an excess of certain soil nutrients, impairing plant mountth. The possible causes are imbalanced application of organic and chemical fertilizer resulting in excess nitrogen, phosphorus liming.Compaction resulting in deterioration of soil structure by trampling by cattle or the weight and/or frequent use of machinery. The possible causes are repeated use of heavy machinery, having a cumulative effect. Heavy shave and overstocking may lead to compaction as well. Factors that influence compaction are purpose pressure (by axle/wheel loads of the machinery used) frequency of the passage of heavy machinery soil texture soil moisture temper.Sealing and crusting which is clogging of pores with fine soil material and development of a thin impervious layer at the soil surface obstructing the infiltration of rainwater. The possible causes are poor soil cover, allowing a maximum splash effect of raindrops dest ruction of soil structure and low organic matter.Waterlogging that results from effects of piece induced hydromorphism (i.e. excluding paddy fields). The possible causes are rising water table (e.g. due to construction of reservoirs/irrigation) and/or increased flooding caused by higher peak-flows. great(p) of the soil surface resulting from subsidence of organic soils, settling of soil. The possible causes are oxidation of peat and settling of soils in general due to lowering of the water table solution of gypsum in the sub-soil (human-induced) or lowering of soil surface due to extraction of gas or waterLoss of productive function which results from soil (land) being taken out of production for non-bio-productive activities, but not the eventual secondary degrading effects of these activities. The possible causes are urbanization and industrial activities base mining quarrying, etc.Aridification, which is the decrease of average soil moisture content. The possible causes are low ering of groundwater tables for agricultural purposes or drinking water extraction rock-bottom soil cover and reduced organic matter content.Salinisation / alkalinization which is a net increase of the salt content of the (top)soil leading to a productivity decline. The possible causes are a distinction can be made between salinity problems due to intrusion of seawater (which may occur under all climate conditions) and inland salinisation, caused by improper irrigation methods and/or evaporation of saline groundwater.Dystrification, which is the lowering of soil pH through the process of mobilizing or heighten magnitude acidic compounds in the soil.Worldwide, almost 2,000million hectares of land show at least minor signs of degradation, corresponding to approximately 1% of the ice-free surface. Around 300million hectares of land surface are already seriously degraded. Soil degradation situation in India is shown in Fig. 2.10.Population growth and soilPopulation growth exerts cr estacious pressure on soils, and the soil degradation is due to additional migration and urbanization processes. The higher the rate of global population growth, the higher is the demand on the soil functions. There is already a growing disparity between growth-related demand and the availability of land. Many states are no longer capable of fall ining their own populations with domestic agricultural products because they do not have enough land. Given the speed of population growth and the level of soil degradation already apparent, an increasing scarcity of soils available for meeting competing demands is expected.Two case studies of soil degradation1. The Sahel RegionThe problems of soil degradation and desertification in the Sahel can be attributed to changes in nature as well as to socioeconomic causes.The nomadic groups in the Sahel are increasingly restricted in the mobility and flexibility that once provided them with a secure basis for ecological adaptation. Growing compe tition from other forms of land use, political measures and unclear or disadvantageous land-use rights led to their sedentarisation they were pushed into more marginalized locations much less suitable for grazing livestock. The sensitive soils and ecosystems in the region are degraded as a result, mainly due to overgrazing.Subsistence farmers are similarly affected by displacement to marginal land that is unsuitable for farming. Greater mechanization without parallel soil protection measures (erosion protection, and suitable irrigation) has negative effects on the soils.Finally, cash crops (cotton, groundnuts) on fertile soils is not pursued in a sustainable fashion. These monocultures are farmed with the help of machines and pesticides, both of which can cause great problems.The Sahel also undergone tremendous social changes caused by internecine and external conditions. Of importance is the general neglect of rural concerns and the orientation to agrarian export production throug h large-scale capital-intensive projects in the agricultural sector. External factors can be identified both in the global economic conditions (agricultural subsidies and/or export policies of the industrial nations, international debt) and in the practice of international development organizations, which in the past were not geared to the principle of sustainability, and which through their orientation to production technology gave too little consideration to the existing development say-so. If the complex problems approach by the Sahel are to be solved, great attention must be given to the socioeconomic causes and to organizational and financial decentralization.2. The Leipzig-Halle-Bitterfeld regionThe soils in the Leipzig-Halle-Bitterfeld region are contaminated, in some cases alarmingly, by depositions of airborne pollutants through deliberate depositing of inorganic and organic substances. A prime cause of this contamination was the concentration of chemical industries, min ing and energy production, all of which used outdated production methods. Since the turn of the century, there have been five brown coal mining fields, and large-scale chemical plants substantial in Bitterfeld (paints and dyes), Leuna (methanol, nitrogen) and Buna (synthetic rubber). For economically and environmentally sound development of the region, soil remediation and the removal of contaminated soil are a matter of urgency, which requires considerable back up from the state or from outside the region.Fig. 2.10. Soil degradation in India landslideIn a landslip, masses of rock, earth, or junk move down a slope. Landslides may be small or large, slow or rapid. They are activated bystorms,earthquakes,volcanic eruptions,fires,alternate freezing or thawing, and eat upening of slopes by erosion or human modification.Debris and mudflows are rivers of rock, earth, and other debris saturated with water. They develop when water rapidly accumulates in the ground, during heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt, changing the earth into a flowing river of mud or slurry. They can flow rapidly, striking with little or no warning at avalanche speeds. They can travel several miles from their source, growing in size as they pick up trees, boulders, and other materials.Landslide problems can be caused by land mismanagement, particularly in mountain, canyon, and coastal regions. In areas burned by forest and brush fires, a lower threshold of precipitation may initiate landslips. Land-use zoning, passe-partout inspections, and proper design can minimize many landslide, mudflow, and debris flow problems.Protection from a landslide or debris flow(a) Guidelines for the period following a landslideStay away from the slide area. There may be danger of additional slides.Listen to local radio or television set stations for the latest emergency information.Watch for flooding, which may occur after a landslide or debris flow. Floods sometimes follow landslides and debris flows because the y may both be started by the same event.Check for injured and trapped persons near the slide, without entering the direct slide area. Ask for rescuers and give them correct locations. befriend a neighbor who may require special assistance infants, elderly people, and people with disabilities. Elderly people and people with disabilities may require additional assistance. pile who care for them or who have large families may need additional assistance in emergency situations.Inform appropriate authorities about damage road ways, railways, electricity lines and other utilities. Reporting potential hazards will get the utilities turned off as chop-chop as possible, preventing further damage.Check building foundation, chimney, and touch land for damage. Damage to foundations, chimneys, or surrounding land may help assess the safety of the area.Replant damaged ground as soon as possible since erosion caused by loss of ground cover can lead to flash flooding and additional landslides in the near future.Seek advice from a geotechnical expert for evaluating landslide hazards or designing corrective techniques to reduce landslide risk. A professional will be able to advise you of the best ways to prevent or reduce landslide risk, without creating further hazard.(b) During a Landslide or Debris FlowWhat one should do if a landslide or debris flow occursStay alert and awake. Many debris-flow fatalities occur when people are sleeping. Listen to radio or television for warnings of intense rainfall. Be aware(p) that intense, short bursts of rain may be particularly dangerous, especially after longer periods of heavy rainfall and damp weather.If you are in areas fictile to landslides and debris flows, consider leaving if it is safe to do so. Remember that driving during an intense storm can be hazardous. If you remain at home, move to a second story if possible. Staying out of the path of a landslide or debris flow saves lives.Listen for any unusual sounds that might i ndicate moving debris, such as trees cracking or boulders knocking together. A trickle of flowing or falling mud or debris may precede bigger landslides. Moving debris can flow quickly and sometimes without warning.If one is near a stream or channel, he should be alert for any sudden increase or decrease in water flow and for a change from clear to muddy water. Such changes may indicate landslide activity upstream, so be prepared to move quickly. Dont delay Save yourself, not your belongings.Be especially alert when driving. Embankments along roadsides are particularly susceptible to landslides. Watch the road for collapsed pavement, mud, fallen rocks, and other indications of possible debris flows.(c) What to do in case of Imminent Landslide DangerContact your local fire, police, or ordinary works department. Local officials are the best persons able to assess potential danger.Inform affected neighbors. Your neighbors may not be aware of potential hazards. Advising them of a poten tial threat may help save lives. Help neighbors who may need assistance to evacuate.Evacuate. Getting out of the path of a landslide or debris flow is your best protection.Curl into a tight ball and protect your head if escape valve is not possible.(d) Before a Landslide or Debris FlowProtect yourself from the effects of a landslide or debris flowDo not build near steep slopes, close to mountain edges, near drainage ways, or natural erosion valleys.Get a ground assessment of your property.Contact local officials, geological surveys or departments of natural resources, and university departments of geology. Landslides occur where they have before, and in identifiable hazard locations. Ask for information on landslides in your area, specific information on areas vulnerable to landslides, and asking a professional referral for a very detailed site analysis of your property, and corrective measures you can take, if necessary.If you are at risk from a landslide pour forth to your insu rance agent. Debris flow may be covered by flood insurance policies.Minimize home hazardsHave flexible pipe fittings installed to deflect gas or water leaks, as flexible fittings are more resistant to breakage (only the Gas Company or professionals should install gas fittings). institute ground cover on slopes and build retaining walls.In mudflow areas, build channels or deflection walls to direct the flow around buildings.Remember If you build walls to appropriate debris flow and the flow lands on a neighbors property, you may be liable for damages.Recognize Landslide Warning SignsChanges occur in your landscape such as patterns of storm-water drainage on slopes (especially the places where runoff water converges) land movement, small slides, flows, or progressively leaning trees.Doors or windows stick or jam for the first time.New cracks appear in plaster, tile, brick, or foundations.Outside walls, walks, or stairs begin pulling away from the building.Slowly developing, widening cracks appear on the ground or on paved areas such as streets or driveways.Underground utility lines break.Bulging ground appears at the base of a slope.Water breaks through the ground surface in new locations.Fences, retaining walls, utility poles, or trees tilt or move.Faint rumbling sound that increases in volume is noticeable as the landslide nears.The ground slopes downward in one direction and may begin shifting in that direction under your feet.Unusual sounds, such as trees cracking or boulders knocking together, might indicate moving debris.Collapsed pavement, mud, fallen rocks, and other indications of possible debris flow can be seen when driving (embankments along roadsides are particularly susceptible to landslides).DesertificationThe most critical and increasing threat to sustainable land use is desertification. It is estimated that desertification affects one-quarter of the total land area of the world, or about 70 percent of all dry lands, and threatens the livelihood s of over 1 billion people in more than 100 countries. Desertification is closely linked with rural poverty and hunger. It exacerbates conditions leading to famine, migration, internal displacement, political instability and conflict.Desertification is the degradation of land in arid, semi arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various climatic variations, but primarily from human activities. Current desertification is taking place much faster worldwide and usually arises from the demands of increasing population that settle on the land in order to grow crops and graze animals.A major impact of desertification is loss of biodiversity and productive capacity, for example, by transition from grassland to perennial shrubs. The change in vegetation induces desertification. In the Madagascar, 10% of the good country has been lost to desertification due to zoom agriculture by indigenous people. In Africa, with current trends of soil degradation, the continent will be able to feed j ust 25% of its population by 2025 according to one estimate.Deserts may be separated from the surroundings by less arid areas, mountains and other landforms. In other areas, there is a gradual transition from a dry to a more humid environment, making it more difficult to determine the desert border. These transition zones have very fragile, delicately balanced ecosystems. Desert fringes are a mosaic of microclimates. Small hollows support vegetation that picks up warmheartedness from the hot winds and protects the land from the prevailing winds. After rainfall the vegetated areas are distinctly cooler than the surroundings. In these marginal areas human activity may stress the ecosystem beyond its tolerance limit, resulting in degradation of the land. By pounding the soil with their hooves, livestock compact the substrate, increase the proportion of fine material, and reduce the percolation rate of the soil, consequently encouraging erosion by wind and water. Grazing and collectio n of firewood reduce or eliminate plants that help to bind the soil.In large desert areas, sand dunes can encroach on human habitats. Sand dunes move through wind. In a major dust storm, dunes may move tens of meters. And like snow, sand avalanches, falling down the steep slopes of the dunes that face away from the winds, move the dunes forward.Droughts by themselves cannot cause desertification. Drought is just a contributing factor. The causes are social and economic, having to do with access to resources, power and economics. Droughts are common in arid and semiarid lands, and well-managed lands can recover from drought when the rains return. Continued land abuse during droughts, however, increases land degradation. increase population and livestock pressure on marginal lands has accelerated desertification. In some areas, nomads moving to less arid areas disrupt the local ecosystem and increase the rate of erosion of the land. Nomads are trying to escape the desert, but because of their land-use practices, they bring the desert with them.Some arid and semi-arid lands can support crops, but additional pressure from greater population or decreases in rainfall can lead to the disappearance of the few plants present. The soil becomes exposed to wind, causing soil particles to be deposited elsewhere. The top layer becomes eroded. With the removal of shade, rates of evaporation increase and salts become drawn up to the surface. This is salinisation, which inhibits plant growth. The loss of plants causes less moisture to be retained in the area, which may change the climate pattern leading to lower rainfall.The degradation of formerly productive land is a complex process. It involves multiple causes, and it proceeds at alter rates in different climates. Desertification may intensify a general climatic trend toward greater aridity, or it may initiate a change in local climate. Desertification does not occur in linear, easily mappable patterns. Deserts advance err atically, forming patches on their borders. Areas far from natural deserts can degrade quickly to barren soil, rock, or sand through poor land management. The presence of a nearby desert has no direct relationship to desertification. Unfortunately, an area undergoing desertification is brought to public attention only after the process is well under way. Often little data are available to indicate the previous state of the ecosystem or the rate of degradation.Combating desertification is complex and difficult. Over-exploitation of the land and climate variations can have identical impacts, which makes it very difficult to choose the right mitigation strategy. Measures like reforestation cannot reach their goals if global warming continues. Forests may die when it gets drier, and more frequent extreme events could become a threat for agriculture, water supply, and infrastructure.Current desertificationOvergrazing and to a lesser boundary drought in the 1930s transformed parts of th e Great Plains in the United States into the Dust Bowl. During that time, a considerable fraction of the population abandoned their homes to escape the unproductive lands. Improved agricultural and water management have prevented a disaster of the earlier magnitude from recurring, but desertification presently affects millions of people with primary happening in the less developed countries.Desertification is widespread in many areas of the Peoples Republic of China. The populations of rural areas have increased along with an increase in the livestock the land available for grazing has decreased. Importing of European cattle, which have higher food intakes, has made things worse.Human overpopulation is leading to destruction of tropical wet and dry forests, due to widening practices of zoom cultivation. Deforestation has led to large scale erosion, loss of soil nutrients and sometimes total desertification.Overgrazing has made the Rio Puerco Basin of central New Mexico one of the m ost eroded river basins of the western United States and has increased the high sediment content of the river. Overgrazing is also an issue with some regions of South Africa such as the Waterberg Massif, although return of native habitat and game has been pursued vigorously since 1980.The Desert of Maine is a 40-acre dune of glacial silt near Freeport, Maine. Overgrazing and soil erosion exposed the cap of the dune, revealing the desert as a small patch that continued to grow, overtaking the land. Ghana and Nigeria currently experience desertification in the latter, desertification overtakes about 1,355 square miles of land per year. The Central Asian countries, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, are also affected. More than 80% of Afghanistans land is subject to soil erosion and desertification. In Kazakhstan, nearly half of the cropland has been abandoned since 1980. In Iran, sand storms were said to have bur