Neoliberal Policies on Media Regulation

Neoliberal Policies on Media RegulationAmirah ShafieNeoliberal policies vs Governmental regulations and policiesCultural industries be involved in the production and dissemination of products that gitister influence our perceptiveness and knowledge of the world (Hesmondhalgh, 2013). Because of its influential nature, the question of who should own and regulate the industries and commodities produced has been a highly contested topic. Proponents of Neoliberal policies argued that common ownership and regulation of ethnic industries are inefficient and earmark insufficient choice and perspectives for viewers. Thus, they postulate the best way to increase this choice was to provide much commercial (private) channels coupled with the kibosh or lessening of government activityal regulation. On the another(prenominal) hand, the ideological imperatives of a commercially driven media system drive huge concerns on the quality of cultural commodities that will be produced, resulting in support for cultural industries to remain public with strong political regulations so that public interests will be protected. Through analysing Murdochs ball-shaped media empire, this paper locks the public interest stance and argues that Neoliberal policies, while seemingly progressive and adopted to liberate production, distribution and consumption of cultural commodities, ironically legitimises the decreasing media diversity and low quality tidings content. There must, therefore, be appropriate amount of government intervention when it comes to controlling the cultural industries.From the 1970s onwards, liberal supporters argued the economic downturn of that period was a consequence of public ownership and governmental regulations. The basis of the neoliberal approach to culture is the idea that free, unregulated emulation will produce efficient markets and producing such markets should be the main goal of public policy (Hesmondhalgh, 2013). As a result, the 80s onward s witnessed major historical changes in the policy landscape. Hesmondhalgh terms these policy changes as marketization, which refers to the permeation of market exchange as a social principle. These changes include having broadcasting institutions privatised or open to terrestrial, commercial broadcaster, cable and satellite providers. Controls on content such as amount of advertising, laws and regulations on media ownership were also eradicated or greatly lightened. On the orbiculate scale, the impetus for neoliberal marketization peaked in the 1997 WTO agreement (Jin, 2005). Under the agreement, many states made market access commitments which decreased or removed restrictions on hostile ownership and licensing in communications. It has been argued that marketization would allow companies to compete with one another and by doing so, will produce quality products more efficiently in gild to bilk the most auditory modality. This would also mean that audience could get differe nt and better types of information at a cheaper and more accessible way. No doubt, the marketization of cultural industries has allowed global audience to access news show from different channels apart than the ones offered locally.However, if we were to take a closer look, most of these channels are actually produced by a few large conglomerates, namely Rupert Murdochs password bay window, Viacom, Bertelsmann, Warners, Sony, AT T, and Disney. Rather than increasing diversity globally, marketization of cultural industries have ignited a surge of mergers acquisitions because giant communication firms consistently moves aggressively into deregulated domestic communications markets around the world. This means that marketization resulting from neoliberal policies has allowed for the ducking of ownership among a few mega-media giants and the world actually gets exposed to news produced from these same media giants, weakening the neoliberal stance that competition produces diverse c hoices. Once of these media giants include wises Corp.The growth of Rupert Murdochs News Corp commenced in Australia when he started buying newspaper companies in which he now owns two-thirds of the nations newspaper production. With the relaxing of regulations, News Corp further expanded into Britain to include some(prenominal) newspapers and television stations, thus further dominating much of the content in that area. By the 1990s, News Corp became the biggest press publisher in Britain. News Corp also partly gained controlled over a pioneer satellite television system BSKYB, which is the television source for most British homes. Next, Murdoch expanded the reach of his News Corporation in the United States by buying over 20th Century Fox which include Fox News, Fox Sports, and FX. He then purchased the New York Post and Fox 5 in New York. Then in 2003, the News Corporation was allowed to buy Direct TV, the largest television satellite service in the United States. Murdoch also bought satellite television networks in Asia and Latin America. worldwidely, Murdoch satellite systems are estimated to reach more than three hundred million homes. With Fox goggle box and 20th Century Fox providing content, this satellite system, which is consistently moving toward conquering the global market, signals an expanding global vertical integration (Broe, 2004). This desire for total control prompts more concentration by the other media conglomerates to contest News Corps control, as seen by Comcasts attempts to take over entertainment provider Disney in 2004 and magazine Warner in 2014.This conglomeration of companies like Murdochs News Corporation is worrying as it has the power to influence the diversity of global news content. Simply take a look at how News Corporations company in India, Star News, is run. Star News has no permanent foreign correspondents of its own, steady in neighbouring countries, as there seem to be no economic or corporate sense to invest in running foreign bureaux or lease time on costly satellite networks for live transmission of news stories. Therefore, Star News uses footage provided by News Corporations other international news networks such as Fox Channel from News York and Sky News from London. It is not alarming, then, that Fox opinions and take to news is apparent in India, as evidenced during the Iraq invasion in 2003, when Star News simply repeated, often word-for-word in Hindi, the Pentagon line on Operation Iraqi emancipation (Thussu, 2007). Here, we can see that by relegating cultural industries such as news companies to the rigours of the market has allowed conglomerates such as News Corp to control news production all over the world and disseminate their ideology (in this case Pentagon support for Operation Iraqi Freedom) easily, affecting the diversity of global news content. tonicity of news is also affected with the marketization of cultural industries. Privatising and commercialising news companies means that these companies are now responsible to shareholders. In order to make sure that news generated would provide profits to the channel, Murdochs News Corp has been regularly sensationalising its news as they vie for attention. Murdochs early statement that newspapers were meant to entertain not educate has served as a template for much of News Corp contents. This style of exaggerated story filled with invented quotes the rewriting of laconic news-service copy into lavish sensationalized the eye-shattering, usually ungrammatical, irrelevant and gratuitously blood-curdling headline yarns (Leper Rapes Virgin, Gives Birth To Monster Baby) has been used in many of its news coverage (Broe, 2004). Murdochs News Corporation has established what is labelled as the four-spot S model of journalism scare headlines, sex, scandal, and sensation in order to secure commercial success in almost all of its major acquisitioned properties (Arsenault Castells, 2008). such strategies in incorp orating aspects of new sensationalism have replaced the original value of tendencyive news reporting. Critics have also emphasized that the gimmickry, opinion and comments such as the ones on Fox News is detrimental to long-established journalistic principles to objectively inform citizens about the world (Cushin Lewis, 2009). In this case, the commercial and ideological aims of News Corp, that is to gain greater audience share and present a partial view of the world does not promote a public service ethos focusing on audience savvy and participatory participation. Evidently, market forces do not guarantee that the media companies will serve their non-economic roles as ethical institutions of the democratic public sphere and this has taken a bell shape on the quality and diversity of democratic media due to the dangerous concentrations of media power.Hence, it is important that there continues to be news industries that are publicly owned in order to balance the commercial impe ratives of private industries. There also needs to be stronger regulations that can control the size of these media conglomerates so as to ensure that they do not abuse their power in influencing the diversity of news contents as well as the quality of news produced. For example, in 2005, News Corporations subsidiary company, News of the World was caught for phone hacking of several high profile celebrities and Britains royal family members, causing a huge political and public fury. The government had to intervene for the protection of individuals privacy and ethical reporting of news. Due to this hacking scandal, News Corp. was forced withdraw its bid for full take-over of the British satellite broadcaster BSkyB, as Prime Minister Cameron announced a wide-ranging public inquiry into the British media (Wintour, Sabbagh Watt, 2011). Here, we can see the importance in governmental intervention in ensuring that this media company does not abuse its power. We also see the extent to whi ch the market forces of competition can push companies to go beyond the boundaries to beat their competitors to get the juiciest information. As quoted by Raboy on media and communications regulation, as media are paramount social institutions, public intervention with respect to their orientation is both legitimate and necessary (Lunt Livingstone, 2012).Those who object government regulations would rather choose neoliberal policies in the name of democratic freedom. What they fail to see is that freedom should also come in the form of public interest and government regulations can protect these freedom that democracy so seriously advocate. There is also nothing democratic and free when it comes to having big conglomerates who can control easily global production and dissemination of news content. McChesney (2000) was adamant about the fundamental incompatibility of democracy with patterns of consolidated media ownership. In response to Murdochs power in the media industry, McChesn ey (2000) said, there is no human, no single firm, no single entity that should have this sort of power. Thats just a core democratic value and principle.Certainly, having full governmental regulation on media companies would also be unnecessary and dangerous. I am not proposing that there should be full governmental control with no privatisation of media companies. What I am proposing is that private and public media companies need to be present in any country so that both these entities can act as watchdogs. However, the government needs to be strong enough to be able to develop social and cultural policies that can encourage bonny deliberation and engagement through intergovernmental, regional and global cooperation (Lunt Livingstone, 2012). These policies should focus on positive as well as negative freedoms, whereby the role of governments is not completely to protect citizens but also to ensure conditions for a civic culture together with diverse and quality engagement. Wit hout a much robust attitude towards media concentration and the chase for meaningful diversity and quality, current public interest considerations are unlikely to be protected against aggressive marketization. Protecting the public interest requires both a more determined stance on media concentration and a more imaginative approach to securing media diversity, one that is based not simply on economic benefits but on the advantages of stimulating mindful debate and critical perspectives.ReferencesCushion, S., Lewis, J. (2009). Towards a Foxification of 24-hour news channels in Britain?Journalism,10(2), 131-153. Retrieved March 31, 2015, from http//jou.sagepub.com/content/10/2/131.abstractWintour, P., Sabbagh, D., Wat, N. (2011, July 14). 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